Preferential binding of the xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein to damaged DNA.

The xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein (XPAC) is involved in an early step of nucleotide excision repair, the main process that removes UV damage and many chemical lesions from DNA. To explore the properties and function of XPAC, recombinant protein encoded by the human XPAC cDNA was expressed with an N-terminal polyhistidine tag in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The soluble fusion protein could correct the repair defect in vitro of XP-A cell extracts. XPAC protein bound to DNA with a preference for UV-irradiated over nonirradiated DNA, as determined by a gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay with a 258 base pair DNA fragment (the association constant was approximately 3 x 10(6) M-1 for the fragment irradiated with 6 kJ/m2 UV light). Removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from UV-irradiated DNA by enzymatic photoreactivation did not significantly reduce binding of XPAC to the irradiated fragment, indicating that binding was mostly due to (6-4) photoproducts, with a preference for a (6-4) photoproduct over an undamaged base pair up to 300-fold. Undamaged single-stranded DNA competed about 4-fold more effectively than undamaged double-stranded DNA for binding of XPAC to a UV-irradiated fragment. In addition, XPAC bound to DNA treated with the chemotherapeutic agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). The results suggest that XPAC functions as a key component in recognition of DNA damage during repair.

[1]  T. Lindahl,et al.  DNA excision-repair defect of xeroderma pigmentosum prevents removal of a class of oxygen free radical-induced base lesions. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  P. Sung,et al.  Yeast DNA-repair gene RAD14 encodes a zinc metalloprotein with affinity for ultraviolet-damaged DNA. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  C. Smith,et al.  Effect of sequence, adduct type, and opposing lesions on the binding and repair of ultraviolet photodamage by DNA photolyase and (A)BC excinuclease. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[4]  G. Aquilina,et al.  Defective mismatch binding and a mutator phenotype in cells tolerant to DNA damage , 1993, Nature.

[5]  L. Grossman,et al.  Mutations in the helix-turn-helix motif of the Escherichia coli UvrA protein eliminate its specificity for UV-damaged DNA. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[6]  J. Cleaver,et al.  A single-site mutation in the XPAC gene alters photoproduct recognition. , 1993, Mutagenesis.

[7]  G. Chu,et al.  Purification and characterization of a human protein that binds to damaged DNA. , 1993, Biochemistry.

[8]  P. Hanawalt,et al.  Increased UV resistance of a xeroderma pigmentosum revertant cell line is correlated with selective repair of the transcribed strand of an expressed gene , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[9]  M. P. Carty,et al.  Replication and mutagenesis of UV-damaged DNA templates in human and monkey cell extracts , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[10]  S. Lippard,et al.  An intrastrand d(GpG) platinum crosslink in duplex M13 DNA is refractory to repair by human cell extracts. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  K. McLaughlin,et al.  Binding of human single-stranded DNA binding protein to DNA damaged by the anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). , 1992, Cancer research.

[12]  D. K. Treiber,et al.  An ultraviolet light-damaged DNA recognition protein absent in xeroderma pigmentosum group E cells binds selectively to pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts. , 1992, Nucleic acids research.

[13]  K. Tanaka,et al.  Xeroderma pigmentosum group A correcting protein from calf thymus. , 1992, Mutation research.

[14]  K. Ishizaki,et al.  REPAIR OF THYMINE DIMERS AND (6–4) PHOTOPRODUCTS IN GROUP A XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM CELL LINES HARBORING A TRANSFERRED NORMAL CHROMOSOME 9 , 1992, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[15]  P. Hanawalt,et al.  Translesion DNA synthesis in the dihydrofolate reductase domain of UV-irradiated CHO cells. , 1992, Biochemistry.

[16]  K. Tanaka,et al.  Mutational analysis of the structure and function of the xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein. Identification of essential domains for nuclear localization and DNA excision repair. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[17]  R. Wood,et al.  Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for DNA excision repair , 1992, Cell.

[18]  R. Wood,et al.  Repair of damaged DNA by extracts from a xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A revertant and expression of a protein absent in its parental cell line. , 1992, Nucleic acids research.

[19]  K. Tanaka,et al.  Identification of splicing mutations of the last nucleotides of exons, a nonsense mutation, and a missense mutation of the XPAC gene as causes of group A xeroderma pigmentosum. , 1992, Mutation research.

[20]  K. Tanaka,et al.  Three nonsense mutations responsible for group A xeroderma pigmentosum. , 1992, Mutation research.

[21]  L. Prakash,et al.  YeastRAD14 and human xeroderma pigmentosum group A DNA-repair genes encode homologous proteins , 1992, Nature.

[22]  S. Keeney,et al.  Biochemical heterogeneity in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E. , 1992, Mutation research.

[23]  K Tanaka,et al.  Molecular cloning of human XPAC gene homologs from chicken, Xenopus laevis and Drosophila melanogaster. , 1991, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[24]  A. Levine,et al.  Purification of an ultraviolet-inducible, damage-specific DNA-binding protein from primate cells. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[25]  K. Tanaka,et al.  Identification and characterization of xpac protein, the gene product of the human XPAC (xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing) gene. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[26]  T. Sugano,et al.  Identification of a specific protein factor defective in group A xeroderma pigmentosum cells. , 1991, Journal of biochemistry.

[27]  L. Grossman,et al.  Deletion mutagenesis of the Escherichia coli UvrA protein localizes domains for DNA binding, damage recognition, and protein-protein interactions. , 1991, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[28]  L. Grossman,et al.  Dimerization of Escherichia coli UvrA and its binding to undamaged and ultraviolet light damaged DNA. , 1991, Biochemistry.

[29]  F. Studier.  Use of bacteriophage T7 lysozyme to improve an inducible T7 expression system. , 1991, Journal of molecular biology.

[30]  J. Hearst,et al.  Site-specific mutagenesis of conserved residues within Walker A and B sequences of Escherichia coli UvrA protein. , 1991, Biochemistry.

[31]  A. Sancar,et al.  Isolation and characterization of functional domains of UvrA. , 1991, Biochemistry.

[32]  Y. Fujiwara,et al.  UV damage-specific DNA-binding protein in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E. , 1991, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[33]  A. Rahmouni,et al.  Interstrand cross-links are preferentially formed at the d(GC) sites in the reaction between cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) and DNA. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[34]  A. Yasui,et al.  Analysis of a human DNA excision repair gene involved in group A xeroderma pigmentosum and containing a zinc-finger domain , 1990, Nature.

[35]  P. Karran,et al.  cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment of the human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. cDNA expression in Escherichia coli and gene expression in human cells. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[36]  A. Yasui,et al.  DNA photoreactivating enzyme from the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[37]  S. Hirschfeld,et al.  A constitutive damage-specific DNA-binding protein is synthesized at higher levels in UV-irradiated primate cells , 1990, Molecular and cellular biology.

[38]  A. Mazard,et al.  Kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of platinum-DNA complexes by nuclease S1. , 1990, Chemico-biological interactions.

[39]  R. Wood,et al.  Localization of DNA repair synthesis by human cell extracts to a short region at the site of a lesion. , 1989, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[40]  R. Wood,et al.  Repair synthesis by human cell extracts in DNA damaged by cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). , 1989, Nucleic acids research.

[41]  R. Wood.  Repair of pyrimidine dimer ultraviolet light photoproducts by human cell extracts. , 1989, Biochemistry.

[42]  A. Sancar,et al.  Human nucleotide excision repair in vitro: repair of pyrimidine dimers, psoralen and cisplatin adducts by HeLa cell-free extract. , 1989, Nucleic acids research.

[43]  J. Robbins.  A Childhood Neurodegeneration Due to Defective DNA Repair: A Novel Concept of Disease Based on Studies of Xeroderma Pigmentosum , 1989, Journal of child neurology.

[44]  G. Chu,et al.  Xeroderma pigmentosum group E cells lack a nuclear factor that binds to damaged DNA. , 1988, Science.

[45]  D. Crothers,et al.  Phased psoralen cross-links do not bend the DNA double helix. , 1988, Biochemistry.

[46]  D. Mitchell.  THE RELATIVE CYTOTOXICITY OF(6–4) PHOTOPRODUCTS AND CYCLOBUTANE DIMERS IN MAMMALIAN CELLS * , 1988, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[47]  D. Patel,et al.  Base pair mismatches and carcinogen-modified bases in DNA: an NMR study of G.T and G.O4meT pairing in dodecanucleotide duplexes. , 1988, Biochemistry.

[48]  P. Hanawalt,et al.  Preferential DNA repair of an active gene in human cells. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[49]  J. Toulmé,et al.  Recognition of chemically damaged DNA by the gene 32 protein from bacteriophage T4. , 1983, The EMBO journal.

[50]  A. Steinum,et al.  Purification and properties of the uvrA protein from Escherichia coli. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[51]  A. Sancar,et al.  A general approach for purifying proteins encoded by cloned genes without using a functional assay: isolation of the uvrA gene product from radiolabeled maxicells. , 1981, Nucleic acids research.

[52]  W. Haseltine,et al.  Distribution of UV light-induced damage in a defined sequence of human DNA: detection of alkaline-sensitive lesions at pyrimidine nucleoside-cytidine sequences. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  J. Mccormick,et al.  REMOVAL OF THYMINE‐CONTAINING PYRIMIDINE DIMERS FROM UV LIGHT‐IRRADIATED DNA BY S1 ENDONUCLEASE , 1979, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[54]  K. Erixon,et al.  Single-strand breaks in DNA during repair of UV-induced damage in normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum cells as determined by alkaline DNA unwinding and hydroxylapatite chromatography: effects of hydroxyurea, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine on the kinetics of repair. , 1979, Mutation research.

[55]  C. Rawlings,et al.  Increased sensitivity of UV-repair-deficient human cells to DNA bound platinum products which unlike thymine dimers are not recognized by an endonuclease extracted from Micrococcus luteus. , 1978, Mutation research.

[56]  L. Grossman,et al.  A DNA binding protein from human placenta specific for ultraviolet damaged DNA. , 1976, Biochemistry.

[57]  K. Kohn,et al.  DNA single-strand breaks during repair of UV damage in human fibroblasts and abnormalities of repair in xeroderma pigmentosum. , 1976, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[58]  K. J. Monty,et al.  Determination of molecular weights and frictional ratios of proteins in impure systems by use of gel filtration and density gradient centrifugation. Application to crude preparations of sulfite and hydroxylamine reductases. , 1966, Biochimica et biophysica acta.