Competency‐based medical education: origins, perspectives and potentialities

This article is part of a series in Medical Education entitled ‘Dialogue’. Each publication in the series will be a transcription of an e-mail discussion about a current issue in the field held by two scholars who have approached the issue from different perspectives. For further details, see the editorial published in Med Educ 2012;46 (9):826–7. In this volume, Olle ten Cate, PhD (University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands) and Stephen Billett, PhD (Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) conduct an e-mail conversation on competency-based professional training in medicine. The discussion addressed its roots, significance and limitations, and extended to considerations of canonical knowledge and skill versus context-dependent ability, and legitimate peripheral participation through the development of a growing portfolio of entrustable professional activities.

[1]  D M Long,et al.  Competency‐based Residency Training: The Next Advance in Graduate Medical Education , 2000, Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.

[2]  J. Norcini,et al.  Workplace-based assessment as an educational tool: AMEE Guide No. 31 , 2007, Medical teacher.

[3]  Michael A. Brooks.  Medical Education and the Tyranny of Competency , 2009, Perspectives in biology and medicine.

[4]  B. Hodges.  A tea-steeping or i-Doc model for medical education? , 2010, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[5]  I. Kerridge,et al.  A question of competence. , 2000, Age and ageing.

[6]  Vanessa C. Burch,et al.  Workplace-based assessment as an educational tool , 2007 .

[7]  L. Pangaro,et al.  Frameworks for learner assessment in medicine: AMEE Guide No. 78 , 2013, Medical teacher.

[8]  Benjamin S. Bloom,et al.  Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. , 1957 .

[9]  J. Stanley,et al.  Book Review: Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain , 1957 .

[10]  L. Henson,et al.  Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine: an innovative approach to medical education and the training of physician investigators. , 2007, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[11]  E. Dannefer.  Beyond assessment of learning toward assessment for learning: Educating tomorrow's physicians , 2013, Medical teacher.

[12]  Christine Spratt,et al.  Using entrustable professional activities to guide curriculum development in psychiatry training , 2011, BMC medical education.

[13]  P. Maurette,et al.  [To err is human: building a safer health system]. , 2002, Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation.

[14]  Janet Grant,et al.  The Incapacitating Effects of Competence: A Critique , 1999, Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice.

[15]  A. Saltzman,et al.  Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice , 1998 .

[16]  O. ten Cate,et al.  Entrustability of professional activities and competency‐based training , 2005, Medical education.

[17]  Fedde Scheele,et al.  Viewpoint: Competency-Based Postgraduate Training: Can We Bridge the Gap between Theory and Clinical Practice? , 2007 .

[18]  Richard M. Frankel,et al.  Transforming Primary Care Training—Patient-Centered Medical Home Entrustable Professional Activities for Internal Medicine Residents , 2013, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[19]  S. Harendza,et al.  An argument-based approach to the validation of UHTRUST: can we measure how recent graduates can be trusted with unfamiliar tasks? , 2013, Advances in Health Sciences Education.

[20]  Carol Carraccio,et al.  Medical competence: The interplay between individual ability and the health care environment , 2010, Medical teacher.

[21]  R. Lodge.  Plato's Theory of Education , 1948, Nature.

[22]  Linda Morrison,et al.  Unannounced standardised patients in real practice: a systematic literature review , 2007, Medical education.

[23]  Jocelyn Lockyer,et al.  Multisource feedback in the assessment of physician competencies. , 2003, The Journal of continuing education in the health professions.

[24]  Ralph W. Tyler,et al.  Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction , 1969 .

[25]  P. O'Sullivan,et al.  Understanding trust as an essential element of trainee supervision and learning in the workplace , 2013, Advances in Health Sciences Education.

[26]  Fedde Scheele,et al.  Competency-based postgraduate training: can we bridge the gap between theory and clinical practice? , 2007, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[27]  J. Vermunt.  Metacognitive, cognitive and affective aspects of learning styles and strategies: A phenomenographic analysis , 1996 .

[28]  C. Carraccio,et al.  Shifting Paradigms: From Flexner to Competencies , 2002, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[29]  J. Grant,et al.  Competency-based training: who benefits? , 2012, Postgraduate Medical Journal.

[30]  M. Talbot.  Monkey see, monkey do: a critique of the competency model in graduate medical education , 2004, Medical education.

[31]  J. Stevenson.  The Political Colonisation of the Cognitive Construction of Competence , 1995 .

[32]  Adam A Rosenberg,et al.  Perspective: Competencies, outcomes, and controversy--linking professional activities to competencies to improve resident education and practice. , 2011, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[33]  S. Billett.  Workplace Competence: Integrating Social and Personal Perspectives , 2009 .

[34]  J. Lave.  Cultural psychology: The culture of acquisition and the practice of understanding , 1990 .

[35]  Etienne Wenger,et al.  Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation , 1991 .

[36]  J. Stevenson.  Vocational knowledge and its specification , 2001 .

[37]  Carol Carraccio,et al.  Educational milestone development in the first 7 specialties to enter the next accreditation system. , 2013, Journal of graduate medical education.

[38]  D. Long,et al.  Competency-based medical education: theory to practice , 2010, Medical teacher.

[39]  A W Sajid,et al.  Competency-based curriculum development on medical education: an introduction. , 1978, Public health papers.

[40]  John L. Elias.  Philosophy of Education: Classical and Contemporary , 1995 .

[41]  W. McGaghie,et al.  Competency-Based Curriculum Development in Medical Education , 1978 .

[42]  C. Pélissier.  THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF TEACHING AND LEARNING , 1991 .