In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells.

Under appropriate conditions in culture, embryonic stem cells will differentiate and form embryoid bodies that have been shown to contain cells of the hematopoietic, endothelial, muscle and neuronal lineages. Many aspects of the lineage-specific differentiation programs observed within the embryoid bodies reflect those found in the embryo, indicating that this model system provides access to early cell populations that develop in a normal fashion. Recent studies involving the differentiation of genetically altered embryonic stem cells highlight the potential of this in vitro differentiation system for defining the function of genes in early development.

[1]  E. Golunski,et al.  In vitro generation of hematopoietic stem cells from an embryonic stem cell line. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  E. Russell.  Hereditary anemias of the mouse: a review for geneticists. , 1979, Advances in genetics.

[3]  P. Howles,et al.  Mouse embryonic stem cells express the cardiac myosin heavy chain genes during development in vitro. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[4]  M. Capecchi,et al.  Altering the genome by homologous recombination. , 1989, Science.

[5]  Donald Metcalf,et al.  Myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells , 1988, Nature.

[6]  M. Barbacid,et al.  vav, a novel human oncogene derived from a locus ubiquitously expressed in hematopoietic cells. , 1989, The EMBO journal.

[7]  T. Doetschman,et al.  Myosin heavy chain gene expression in mouse embryoid bodies. An in vitro developmental study. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[8]  John K. Heath,et al.  Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stem cell differentiation by purified polypeptides , 1988, Nature.

[9]  F. Grosveld,et al.  An in vitro globin gene switching model based on differentiated embryonic stem cells. , 1990, Genes & development.

[10]  S. Orkin,et al.  Hematopoietic development of vav-/- mouse embryonic stem cells. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  T. Mcclanahan,et al.  Hematopoietic growth factor receptor genes as markers of lineage commitment during in vitro development of hematopoietic cells [see comments] , 1993 .

[12]  D. Gottlieb,et al.  Embryonic stem cells express neuronal properties in vitro. , 1995, Developmental biology.

[13]  Johnson Gr,et al.  Erythroid progenitor cells and stimulating factors during murine embryonic and fetal development. , 1985, Experimental hematology.

[14]  M. Wiles,et al.  Hematopoietic commitment during embryonic stem cell differentiation in culture. , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[15]  T. Braun,et al.  ES-cells carrying two inactivated myf-5 alleles form skeletal muscle cells: activation of an alternative myf-5-independent differentiation pathway. , 1994, Developmental biology.

[16]  T. Honjo,et al.  Generation of lymphohematopoietic cells from embryonic stem cells in culture. , 1994, Science.

[17]  P. Nielsen,et al.  In vitro generation of lymphoid precursors from embryonic stem cells. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[18]  P. Howles,et al.  Developmental analysis of tropomyosin gene expression in embryonic stem cells and mouse embryos , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[19]  H. Snodgrass,et al.  Hematopoietic development of embryonic stem cells in vitro: cytokine and receptor gene expression. , 1991, Genes & development.

[20]  I. Bernstein,et al.  Generation of hematopoietic colony-forming cells from embryonic stem cells: synergy between a soluble factor from NIH-3T3 cells and hematopoietic growth factors. , 1995, Blood.

[21]  A. Müller,et al.  ES cells have only a limited lymphopoietic potential after adoptive transfer into mouse recipients. , 1993, Development.

[22]  S. Orkin.  GATA-binding transcription factors in hematopoietic cells , 1992 .

[23]  R Kemler,et al.  The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium. , 1985, Journal of embryology and experimental morphology.

[24]  M. Barbacid,et al.  The vav proto‐oncogene is required early in embryogenesis but not for hematopoietic development in vitro. , 1995, The EMBO journal.

[25]  G. Lyons,et al.  In vitro chamber specification during embryonic stem cell cardiogenesis. Expression of the ventricular myosin light chain-2 gene is independent of heart tube formation. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[26]  J. Gutiérrez-Ramos,et al.  In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells into lymphocyte precursors able to generate T and B lymphocytes in vivo. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[27]  M. Evans,et al.  The Oncogenic Cysteine-rich LIM domain protein Rbtn2 is essential for erythroid development , 1994, Cell.

[28]  G. Keller,et al.  Novel insights into erythroid development revealed through in vitro differentiation of GATA-1 embryonic stem cells. , 1994, Genes & development.

[29]  K. Rajewsky,et al.  Defective antigen receptor-mediated proliferation of B and T cells in the absence of Vav , 1995, Nature.

[30]  S. Orkin,et al.  Erythroid differentiation in chimaeric mice blocked by a targeted mutation in the gene for transcription factor GATA-1 , 1991, Nature.

[31]  F. Alt,et al.  Defective signalling through the T- and B-cell antigen receptors in lymphoid cells lacking the vav proto-oncogene , 1995, Nature.

[32]  E. Wagner,et al.  Early fetal hematopoietic development from in vitro differentiated embryonic stem cells. , 1991, The New biologist.

[33]  T. Honjo,et al.  Lineage marker-negative lymphocyte precursors derived from embryonic stem cells in vitro differentiate into mature lymphocytes in vivo. , 1994, International immunology.

[34]  Janet Rossant,et al.  Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice , 1995, Nature.

[35]  M. Wiles,et al.  Evidence for involvement of activin A and bone morphogenetic protein 4 in mammalian mesoderm and hematopoietic development , 1995, Molecular and cellular biology.

[36]  G. Keller,et al.  Multiple hematopoietic lineages develop from embryonic stem (ES) cells in culture. , 1991, Development.

[37]  A M Wobus,et al.  Muscle cell differentiation of embryonic stem cells reflects myogenesis in vivo: developmentally regulated expression of myogenic determination genes and functional expression of ionic currents. , 1994, Developmental biology.

[38]  T. Doetschman,et al.  Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in embryonic-stem-cell-derived embryoid bodies. , 1988, Development.

[39]  J. Gauldie,et al.  Hemoglobin ontogeny during normal mouse fetal development. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  C. Eaves,et al.  Properties of the earliest clonogenic hemopoietic precursors to appear in the developing murine yolk sac. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  M. Barbacid,et al.  Defective T-cell receptor signalling and positive selection of Vav-deficient CD4+CDS+thymocytes , 1995, Nature.

[42]  U. Chen,et al.  Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to Lympho-Hematopoietic Lineagesin Vitro , 1992, Developmental immunology.

[43]  G. Martin,et al.  Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  Stuart H. Orkin,et al.  An early haematopoietic defect in mice lacking the transcription factor GATA-2 , 1994, Nature.

[45]  V L Bautch,et al.  Embryonic stem cell-derived cystic embryoid bodies form vascular channels: an in vitro model of blood vessel development. , 1992, Development.

[46]  U. Staerz,et al.  Establishment and characterization of lymphoid and myeloid mixed-cell populations from mouse late embryoid bodies, "embryonic-stem-cell fetuses". , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[47]  M. Kaufman,et al.  Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos , 1981, Nature.

[48]  A. Bradley,et al.  Formation of germ-line chimaeras from embryo-derived teratocarcinoma cell lines , 1984, Nature.