Analytical applications of carbon nanotubes : a review

Discoveries of new materials have significant impact on development of new methods and instrumentation for chemical analysis. Based on 104 references, this article illustrates a growing number of applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in analytical chemistry. The largest numbers of reported applications concern design of novel gas sensors, voltammetry, enzymatic biosensors, immunosensors and DNA probes. The sorptive properties of CNTs are also employed for analytical purposes in various ways.

[1]  S. Saito.  Carbon Nanotubes for Next-Generation Electronics Devices , 1997, Science.

[2]  Jose Maria Kenny,et al.  NO2 gas sensitivity of carbon nanotubes obtained by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition , 2003 .

[3]  S. Iijima.  Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon , 1991, Nature.

[4]  Jian Wang,et al.  Liquid chromatography with amperometric detection using functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotube modified electrode for the determination of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites. , 2003, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[5]  Craig A. Grimes,et al.  Gas sensing characteristics of multi-wall carbon nanotubes , 2001 .

[6]  Fwu-Shan Sheu,et al.  Selective Voltammetric Detection of Uric Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid at Well‐Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrode , 2003 .

[7]  Hongchao Yi,et al.  Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of mercury using multi-walled carbon nanotubes film coated glassy carbon electrode , 2003, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[8]  James F. Rusling,et al.  Peroxidase activity of enzymes bound to the ends of single-wall carbon nanotube forest electrodes , 2003 .

[9]  Guodong Liu,et al.  Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on carbon-nanotubes loaded with CdS tags , 2003 .

[10]  Federica Valentini,et al.  Carbon nanotube purification: preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube paste electrodes. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  Wei‐De Zhang,et al.  The interface behavior of hemoglobin at carbon nanotube and the detection for H(2)O(2). , 2005, Talanta.

[12]  Federica Valentini,et al.  Single-wall carbon nanotube paste electrodes: A comparison with carbon paste, platinum and glassy carbon electrodes via cyclic voltammetric data , 2004 .

[13]  Jörg Fink,et al.  Hydrogen storage in carbon nanostructures , 2002 .

[14]  Pulickel M. Ajayan,et al.  Carbon nanotube electrode for oxidation of dopamine , 1996 .

[15]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Solubilization of carbon nanotubes by Nafion toward the preparation of amperometric biosensors. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[16]  L. Mao,et al.  Novel electrochemical method for sensitive determination of homocysteine with carbon nanotube-based electrodes. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[17]  Hongyuan Chen,et al.  An Amperometric Biosensor Based on the Coimmobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase and Methylene Blue on a Carbon Nanotubes Modified Electrode , 2003 .

[18]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Electrochemical detection of carbohydrates at carbon-nanotube modified glassy-carbon electrodes , 2004 .

[19]  Yong Li,et al.  Investigation on electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[20]  M. Shim,et al.  Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for highly specific electronic biosensors , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[21]  Guibin Jiang,et al.  Multi-walled carbon nanotubes packed cartridge for the solid-phase extraction of several phthalate esters from water samples and their determination by high performance liquid chromatography , 2003 .

[22]  Zhennan Gu,et al.  Organizing Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Gold Using a Wet Chemical Self-Assembling Technique , 2000 .

[23]  Jinhuai Liu,et al.  Study of multi-wall carbon nanotubes self-assembled electrode and its application to the determination of carbon monoxide , 2004 .

[24]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Long-range electrical contacting of redox enzymes by SWCNT connectors. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[25]  Richard G Compton,et al.  Glucose biosensor prepared by glucose oxidase encapsulated sol-gel and carbon-nanotube-modified basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode. , 2004, Analytical biochemistry.

[26]  Antonello Cutolo,et al.  Alcohol detection using carbon nanotubes acoustic and optical sensors , 2004 .

[27]  J. Luong,et al.  Electrochemical biosensing platforms using platinum nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[28]  J. L. Davidson,et al.  A novel microelectronic gas sensor utilizing carbon nanotubes for hydrogen gas detection , 2003 .

[29]  Cailu Xu,et al.  Adsorption of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution by surface oxidized carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[30]  Gang Chen,et al.  Miniaturized capillary electrophoresis system with a carbon nanotube microelectrode for rapid separation and detection of thiols. , 2004, Talanta.

[31]  Joseph Wang.  Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors. , 2005, The Analyst.

[32]  M. Dresselhaus.  Carbon nanotubes , 1995 .

[33]  Michele Penza,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as SAW chemical sensors materials , 2004 .

[34]  Zhiwei Zhu,et al.  Selective detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid by a carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid gel modified electrode. , 2005, Talanta.

[35]  Huaiguo Xue,et al.  Single-wall carbon manotubes as immobilization material for glucose biosensor , 2003 .

[36]  Xiao-hua Li,et al.  Assay for uric acid level in rat striatum by a reagentless biosensor based on functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes with tin oxide , 2005, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[37]  Alan M. Cassell,et al.  Synthesis of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes on patterned silicon wafers , 1998, Nature.

[38]  Shengfu Wang,et al.  Square Wave Voltammetry Determination of Brucine at Multiwall Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes , 2005 .

[39]  H. C. Foley,et al.  Thermoelectric chemical sensor based on single wall carbon nanotubes , 2002 .

[40]  Jinglin Wang,et al.  Application of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as a Solid‐Phase Extraction Sorbent for Chlorobenzenes , 2004 .

[41]  H. Dai,et al.  Self-oriented regular arrays of carbon nanotubes and their field emission properties , 1999, Science.

[42]  Fei Huang,et al.  Electrochemical behavior and determination of fluphenazine at multi-walled carbon nanotubes/(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane bilayer modified gold electrodes. , 2004, Talanta.

[43]  Jun Li,et al.  Miniaturized multiplex label-free electronic chip for rapid nucleic acid analysis based on carbon nanotube nanoelectrode arrays. , 2004, Clinical chemistry.

[44]  Shengshui Hu,et al.  Mercury-free simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead at a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-wall carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[45]  G. Rivas,et al.  Carbon nanotubes paste electrode , 2003 .

[46]  Fwu-Shan Sheu,et al.  Application of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with hemin for oxygen detection in neutral solution , 2004 .

[47]  Jiming Xu,et al.  Preparation of multiwall carbon nanotubes film modified electrode and its application to simultaneous determination of oxidizable amino acids in ion chromatography. , 2003, Talanta.

[48]  Charles M. Lieber,et al.  Covalently functionalized nanotubes as nanometre- sized probes in chemistry and biology , 1998, Nature.

[49]  Richard M. Crooks,et al.  Electrochemistry Using Single Carbon Nanotubes , 1999 .

[50]  Hanfa Zou,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as assisted matrix for laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[51]  B. Wei,et al.  Removal of Cu2+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Carbon Nanotubes , 2003 .

[52]  Taehyung Kim,et al.  Sensors and sensor arrays based on conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes , 2002 .

[53]  Jian Wang,et al.  Amperometric determination of (R)-salsolinol, (R)-N-methylsalsolinol and monoamine neurotransmitters with liquid chromatography using functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotube modified electrode in Parkinson's patients' cerebrospinal fluid , 2004 .

[54]  Angel Rubio,et al.  Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites: Strength and Weakness , 2000 .

[55]  Kong,et al.  Controllable reversibility of an sp(2) to sp(3) transition of a single wall nanotube under the manipulation of an AFM tip: A nanoscale electromechanical switch? , 2000, Physical review letters.

[56]  P. He,et al.  A sensitive DNA electrochemical biosensor based on magnetite with a glassy carbon electrode modified by muti-walled carbon nanotubes in polypyrrole , 2005 .

[57]  Hongjie Dai,et al.  Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties. , 2002, Accounts of chemical research.

[58]  Saurabh Chopra,et al.  Selective gas detection using a carbon nanotube sensor , 2003 .

[59]  S. Tans,et al.  Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube , 1998, Nature.

[60]  Liming Dai,et al.  Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes , 2003 .

[61]  Yan Liu,et al.  Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the preconcentration of trace metal ions and their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry , 2004 .

[62]  Mark A. Billadeau,et al.  Carbon Nanotube‐Based Biosensor , 2003 .

[63]  Saurabh Chopra,et al.  Carbon-nanotube-based resonant-circuit sensor for ammonia , 2002 .

[64]  Jose Maria Kenny,et al.  Sensors for inorganic vapor detection based on carbon nanotubes and poly(o-anisidine) nanocomposite material , 2004 .

[65]  Xuni Cao,et al.  Simultaneous Determination of Aromatic Amines by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Carbon Nanotubes/Poly (3-methylthiophene) Modified Dual-Electrode , 2004, Chromatographia.

[66]  C. Kim,et al.  Multi-wall carbon nanotubes as a high-efficiency gas sensor , 2004 .

[67]  Jun Li,et al.  Inlaid Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectrode Arrays for Electroanalysis , 2005 .

[68]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Ultrasensitive electrical biosensing of proteins and DNA: carbon-nanotube derived amplification of the recognition and transduction events. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[69]  Qian Wang,et al.  Toward Large Arrays of Multiplex Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Highly Sensitive and Selective Molecular Detection. , 2003, Nano letters.

[70]  Liming Dai,et al.  Functionalized surfaces based on polymers and carbon nanotubes for some biomedical and optoelectronic applications , 2003 .

[71]  Marek Trojanowicz,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes‐Modified Screen‐Printed Electrodes for Chemical Sensors and Biosensors , 2004 .

[72]  Joseph R. Stetter,et al.  Sensing with Nafion Coated Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors , 2004 .

[73]  Ji Liang,et al.  Application of a Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrode in Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Determination of Trace Amounts of 6-Benzylaminopurine , 2003 .

[74]  Chunhai Yang.  Electrochemical Determination of 4-Nitrophenol Using a Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Film-Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode , 2004 .

[75]  Jie-Ming Chen,et al.  Electroanalytical thin film electrodes based on a Nafion™ – multi-walled carbon nanotube composite , 2004 .

[76]  Stefano Mancuso,et al.  Noninvasive and continuous recordings of auxin fluxes in intact root apex with a carbon nanotube-modified and self-referencing microelectrode. , 2005, Analytical biochemistry.

[77]  Zhifeng Ren,et al.  Nanoelectrode arrays based on low site density aligned carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[78]  Ji Liang,et al.  DETERMINATION OF TRACE XANTHINE BY ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY WITH CARBON NANOTUBE MODIFIED GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODE , 2002 .

[79]  Bingqing Wei,et al.  Competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions by multiwalled carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[80]  R. T. Yang,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as superior sorbent for dioxin removal. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[81]  Guibin Jiang,et al.  Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[82]  R. Wu,et al.  The application of CNT/Nafion composite material to low humidity sensing measurement , 2005 .

[83]  K. Shiu,et al.  Glucose Biosensor Based on Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode , 2004 .

[84]  Shengshui Hu,et al.  A multiwall carbon nanotubes film-modified carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode for the determination of nitric oxide radical in liver mitochondria. , 2005, Bioelectrochemistry.

[85]  Qiang Fu,et al.  Integrated single-walled carbon nanotube/microfluidic devices for the study of the sensing mechanism of nanotube sensors. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[86]  Jose Maria Kenny,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as new materials for gas sensing applications , 2004 .

[87]  Junya Suehiro,et al.  Fabrication of a carbon nanotube-based gas sensor using dielectrophoresis and its application for ammonia detection by impedance spectroscopy , 2003 .

[88]  Marek Trojanowicz,et al.  Determination of organophosphate pesticides at a carbon nanotube/organophosphorus hydrolase electrochemical biosensor , 2005 .

[89]  N. Lawrence,et al.  Abrasively immobilised multiwalled carbon nanotube agglomerates: a novel electrode material approach for the analytical sensing of pH. , 2004, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[90]  H. Dai,et al.  Noncovalent sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for protein immobilization. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[91]  Yu-Chie Chen,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as affinity probes for peptides and proteins in MALDI MS analysis , 2004, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[92]  Bingqing Wei,et al.  Miniaturized gas ionization sensors using carbon nanotubes , 2003, Nature.

[93]  R. A. McGill,et al.  Nerve agent detection using networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[94]  Hongjie Dai,et al.  Nanotube Growth and Characterization , 2001 .

[95]  Maogen Zhang,et al.  Carbon nanotube-chitosan system for electrochemical sensing based on dehydrogenase enzymes. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[96]  Fanli Meng,et al.  Carboxylation multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with LiClO4 for water vapour detection , 2004 .

[97]  K. Besteman,et al.  Enzyme-Coated Carbon Nanotubes as Single-Molecule Biosensors , 2003 .

[98]  L. B. Ebert.  Science of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes , 1996 .

[99]  Qiang Zhao,et al.  Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes , 2002 .

[100]  Shouzhuo Yao,et al.  Fabrication of polyaniline/carbon nanotube composite modified electrode and its electrocatalytic property to the reduction of nitrite , 2005 .

[101]  Jose Maria Kenny,et al.  Reversible oxidation effects on carbon nanotubes thin films for gas sensing applications , 2003 .

[102]  Wei-Hua Huang,et al.  Carbon fiber nanoelectrodes modified by single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.