A conserved amino acid sequence directing intracellular type III secretion by Salmonella typhimurium.

Type III secretion systems (TTSS) are important virulence factors that Gram-negative bacteria use to translocate proteins into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells. Salmonellae encode two virulence-associated TTSS. The Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1)-encoded TTSS is active on contact with host cells, whereas the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2)-encoded TTSS is expressed after phagocytosis of bacteria by host cells. Previously, no consensus signal sequence for translocation has been identified among TTSS effector proteins. In this work, seven proteins, termed Salmonella-translocated effectors (STE), are described that contain conserved amino acid sequences that direct translocation by TTSS in Salmonella typhimurium. STE that are coordinately regulated with SPI2 gene expression contain translocation signals that are recognized by the SPI2 but not by the SPI1 TTSS. STE that are constitutively expressed contain signals that direct translocation through both SPI1 and SPI2 TTSS. Of the seven STE examined, SspH1 and SspH2 have been previously shown to be translocated and involved in virulence; SlrP and SifA were identified as virulence factors, but were not previously known to be associated with TTSS; and SseI, SseJ, and SifB were previously unidentified. Three STE genes (sspH1, sspH2, and sseI) are located within temperate bacteriophages, suggesting a common mechanism for the dissemination of more recently evolved STE.

[1]  S. Falkow,et al.  OmpR Regulates the Two-Component System SsrA-SsrB in Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[2]  Samuel I. Miller,et al.  Identification of a Putative Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Host Range Factor with Homology to IpaH and YopM by Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis , 1999, Infection and Immunity.

[3]  S. Miller,et al.  Salmonella typhimurium leucine‐rich repeat proteins are targeted to the SPI1 and SPI2 type III secretion systems , 1999, Molecular microbiology.

[4]  T. Ficht,et al.  Contribution of Salmonella typhimuriumVirulence Factors to Diarrheal Disease in Calves , 1999, Infection and Immunity.

[5]  W. Rabsch,et al.  Isolation of a temperate bacteriophage encoding the type III effector protein SopE from an epidemic Salmonella typhimurium strain. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[6]  Samuel I. Miller,et al.  Bacteriophages in the evolution of pathogen-host interactions. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  M. Hensel,et al.  pH‐dependent secretion of SseB, a product of the SPI‐2 type III secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium , 1999, Molecular microbiology.

[8]  E. Groisman,et al.  A Salmonella virulence protein that inhibits cellular trafficking , 1999, The EMBO journal.

[9]  L. Bossi,et al.  Inducible prophages contribute to Salmonella virulence in mice , 1999, Molecular microbiology.

[10]  S. Miller,et al.  Salmonella typhimurium recognition of intestinal environments. , 1999, Trends in microbiology.

[11]  Samuel I. Miller,et al.  A HilA-Independent Pathway to Salmonella typhimurium Invasion Gene Transcription , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[12]  Sezgin Erdoğan,et al.  Environmental regulation of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 gene expression , 1999, Molecular microbiology.

[13]  E. Groisman,et al.  A Periplasmicd-Alanyl-d-Alanine Dipeptidase in the Gram-Negative Bacterium Salmonella enterica , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[14]  P. Mullan,et al.  Secreted Effector Proteins of Salmonella dublin Act in Concert To Induce Enteritis , 1998, Infection and Immunity.

[15]  J. Shea,et al.  Genes encoding putative effector proteins of the type III secretion system of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 are required for bacterial virulence and proliferation in macrophages , 1998, Molecular microbiology.

[16]  S Falkow,et al.  Macrophage‐dependent induction of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system and its role in intracellular survival , 1998, Molecular microbiology.

[17]  C. Hueck,et al.  Type III Protein Secretion Systems in Bacterial Pathogens of Animals and Plants , 1998, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[18]  O. Schneewind,et al.  A mRNA signal for the type III secretion of Yop proteins by Yersinia enterocolitica. , 1997, Science.

[19]  H. Wolf‐Watz,et al.  Delineation and mutational analysis of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopE domains which mediate translocation across bacterial and eukaryotic cellular membranes , 1996, Journal of bacteriology.

[20]  R. L. Lucas,et al.  Co‐ordinate regulation of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes by environmental and regulatory factors is mediated by control of hilA expression , 1996, Molecular microbiology.

[21]  G. Cornelis,et al.  Status of YopM and YopN in the Yersinia Yop virulon: YopM of Y.enterocolitica is internalized inside the cytosol of PU5–1.8 macrophages by the YopB, D, N delivery apparatus. , 1996, The EMBO journal.

[22]  G. Cornelis,et al.  Customized secretion chaperones in pathogenic bacteria , 1996, Molecular microbiology.

[23]  B. Finlay,et al.  Identification of a Salmonella virulence gene required for formation of filamentous structures containing lysosomal membrane glycoproteins within epithelial cells , 1996, Molecular microbiology.

[24]  M. Brumlik,et al.  Identification of the catalytic triad of the lipase/acyltransferase from Aeromonas hydrophila , 1996, Journal of bacteriology.

[25]  I. Lambermont,et al.  Identification of the YopE and YopH domains required for secretion and internalization into the cytosol of macrophages, using the cyaA gene fusion approach. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[26]  J. Shea,et al.  Simultaneous identification of bacterial virulence genes by negative selection. , 1995, Science.

[27]  C Upton,et al.  A new family of lipolytic enzymes? , 1995, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[28]  G. Cornelis,et al.  Translocation of a hybrid YopE‐adenylate cyclase from Yersinia enterocolitica into HeLa cells , 1994, Molecular microbiology.

[29]  S. Miyoshi,et al.  Purification and characterization of a lecithin-dependent haemolysin from Escherichia coli transformed by a Vibrio parahaemolyticus gene. , 1991, Journal of general microbiology.

[30]  E. Myers,et al.  Basic local alignment search tool. , 1990, Journal of molecular biology.

[31]  F. Corpet.  Multiple sequence alignment with hierarchical clustering. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[32]  S. Macintyre,et al.  Presence of glycerophospholipid: cholesterol acyltransferase and phospholipase in culture supernatant of Aeromonas hydrophila , 1978, Journal of bacteriology.