Abstract After several years of research and development in hyperspectral imaging systems that enriched our knowledge and enhanced our capacity to explore the Earth, these systems have been widely accepted by the remote sensing community. They have evolved as major techniques and have now entered the mainstream of the earth observation data users. This chapter discusses the origin of hyperspectral remote sensing, its importance, preprocessing, inversion models suitable for hyperspectral datasets, as well as several possible applications, including but not limited to, vegetation analysis, agriculture, urban, water quality, and mineral identification. The chapter concludes by looking at the way forward for hyperspectral remote sensing.