Place value: place quality and its impact on health, social, economic and environmental outcomes

Abstract This paper explores the link between the quality of the built environment and its value, in health, social, economic and environmental terms. This is theorized as ‘place value’ which, alongside ‘place quality’, is conceptualized as existing within a virtuous loop in which quality dictates value and value defines quality. To test this, a systematic review brought together wide-ranging international research evidence. The work confirmed a range of definitive associations between the quality of place and its place derived value. It also makes a clear link back from the evidence on place value to the sorts of qualities that enhance or detract from that value. These, in turn, define the constituent elements of place quality.

[1]  E. Glaeser,et al.  The Economics of Place-Making Policies , 2008 .

[2]  Health effects of viewing landscapes – Landscape types in environmental psychology , 2007 .

[3]  Paul Thorsnes Internalizing Neighborhood Externalities: The Effect of Subdivision Size and Zoning on Residential Lot Prices , 2000 .

[4]  M. Walls,et al.  The Trade-off Between Private Lots and Public Open Space in Subdivisions at the Urban-Rural Fringe , 2007 .

[5]  Fran Tonkiss Cities by Design: The Social Life of Urban Form , 2014 .

[6]  M. Roberts For Art's Sake: Public art, planning policies and the benefits for commercial property , 1995 .

[7]  Xiaodong Song,et al.  An empirical study on the relationship between urban compactness and CO2 efficiency in China , 2014 .

[8]  The Economics of Place-Making Policies , 2008 .

[9]  John Sweeney,et al.  Modelling the impact of urban form on household energy demand and related CO2 emissions in the Greater Dublin Region , 2012 .

[10]  Dr Paul Michael Cozens New Urbanism, Crime and the Suburbs: A Review of the Evidence , 2008 .

[11]  A. Pullin,et al.  Urban greening to cool towns and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. , 2010 .

[12]  Reid Ewing,et al.  Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[13]  Gordon Holden,et al.  The value of urban design: the economic, environmental and social benefits of urban design , 2005 .

[14]  W. Zhan,et al.  Evaluating the life cycle net benefit of low impact development in a city , 2016 .

[15]  Matthew Carmona,et al.  The formal and informal tools of design governance , 2017 .

[16]  D. S. Davis,et al.  Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. , 2003 .

[17]  Gabriel M. Ahlfeldt,et al.  An assessment of the effects of conservation areas on value , 2012 .

[18]  P Buchanan,et al.  Valuing urban realm - business cases in public spaces , 2007 .

[19]  Michael James Biddulph,et al.  Evaluating the English Home Zone Initiatives , 2010 .

[20]  Eric Dumbaugh,et al.  Safe Urban Form: Revisiting the Relationship Between Community Design and Traffic Safety , 2009 .

[21]  Kostas Mouratidis,et al.  Built environment and social well-being: how does urban form affect social life and personal relationships? , 2017 .

[22]  STREETS AS PUBLIC SPACES AND DRIVERS OF URBAN PROSPERITY STREETS AS PUBLIC SPACES AND DRIVERS OF URBAN PROSPERITY ii STREETS AS PUBLIC SPACES AND DRIVERS OF URBAN PROSPERITY , 2013 .

[23]  Graham Winch,et al.  How Buildings Add Value for Clients , 2002 .

[24]  M. White,et al.  Research note: Urban street tree density and antidepressant prescription rates—A cross-sectional study in London, UK , 2015 .

[25]  Gabriel M. Ahlfeldt,et al.  Valuing Iconic Design: Frank Lloyd Wright Architecture in Oak Park, Illinois , 2012 .

[26]  M. Choi,et al.  Measuring the Externality Effects of Commercial Land Use on Residential Land Value: A Case Study of Seoul , 2016 .

[28]  R. Florida,et al.  Beautiful Places: The Role of Perceived Aesthetic Beauty in Community Satisfaction , 2011 .

[29]  John Matthews,et al.  Neighborhood Street Layout and Property Value: The Interaction of Accessibility and Land Use Mix , 2007 .

[30]  Giovanni Quattrone,et al.  City form and well-being: what makes London neighborhoods good places to live? , 2016, SIGSPATIAL/GIS.

[31]  D. Mark Austin,et al.  The effects of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of safety , 2002 .

[32]  Linda Corkery,et al.  The Role of Community Gardens in Sustaining Healthy Communities , 2007 .

[33]  RB Peiser,et al.  The private value of public open space within subdivisions , 1993 .

[34]  K. Leyden Social capital and the built environment: the importance of walkable neighborhoods. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[35]  Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris Hot Sports of Bus Stop Crime: The Importance of Environmental Attributes , 1996 .

[36]  Leanne Monchuk,et al.  It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime , 2011 .

[37]  Bumsoo Lee,et al.  The Influence of Urban Form on GHG Emissions in the U.S. Household Sector , 2014, Planning for Climate Change.

[38]  P. Syms Shaping Places: Urban Planning, Design and Development , 2014 .

[39]  L. Tjeng,et al.  CeRu4Sn6: a strongly correlated material with nontrivial topology , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[40]  M. McKinney,et al.  Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals , 2008, Urban Ecosystems.

[41]  Robert Gant Pedestrianisation and Disabled People: A study of personal mobility in Kingston town centre , 1997 .

[42]  Eric Dumbaugh,et al.  Safe Streets, Livable Streets , 2005 .

[43]  R. Ewing,et al.  The built environment and obesity. , 2007, Epidemiologic reviews.

[44]  J. Levine,et al.  The Market for Transportation-Land Use Integration: Do Developers Want Smarter Growth than Regulations Allow? , 2004 .

[45]  Michael Duncan,et al.  Transit’s Value-Added Effects: Light and Commuter Rail Services and Commercial Land Values , 2002 .

[46]  Brent D. Ryan,et al.  Valuing New Development in Distressed Urban Neighborhoods , 2007 .

[47]  Zhang Biao,et al.  The Effects of Public Green Spaces on Residential Property Value in Beijing , 2012 .

[48]  V. Netto The Social Fabric of Cities , 2016 .

[49]  Eduardo Oliveira City of well-being: a radical guide to planning , 2018 .

[50]  S. Jansen Different Values, Different Housing? Can Underlying Value Orientations Predict Residential Preference and Choice? , 2014 .

[51]  Margaret Walls,et al.  THE VALUE OF OPEN SPACE: EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES OF NONMARKET BENEFITS , 2005 .

[52]  Shane D. Johnson,et al.  Permeability and Burglary Risk: Are Cul-de-Sacs Safer? , 2010 .

[53]  Melanie Feinberg,et al.  Conducting systematic evidence reviews: core concepts and lessons learned. , 2012, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[54]  J. Schipperijn,et al.  Health promoting outdoor environments - Associations between green space, and health, health-related quality of life and stress based on a Danish national representative survey , 2010, Scandinavian journal of public health.

[55]  Matthew Carmona,et al.  The Place-shaping Continuum: A Theory of Urban Design Process , 2014 .

[56]  Michael Edwards,et al.  Offices, Value and Design: A discussion document , 2006 .

[57]  Timothy Eccles The professional concept of value within the built environment: a conceptual critique , 1996 .

[58]  Simon Chih-Feng Shu Housing layout and crime vulnerability , 2000 .

[59]  N. Dempsey,et al.  Social Sustainability and Urban Form: Evidence from Five British Cities , 2009 .

[60]  M. McCord,et al.  Effect of public green space on residential property values in Belfast metropolitan area , 2014 .

[61]  Julia Koschinsky,et al.  Compact, Walkable, Diverse Neighborhoods:Assessing Effects on Residents , 2014 .

[62]  Ismail Said,et al.  AFFORDANCES OF CUL-DE-SAC IN URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS AS PLAY SPACES FOR MIDDLE CHILDHOOD CHILDREN , 2012 .

[63]  C. Mulley,et al.  The objective and perceived built environment: What matters for happiness? , 2017 .

[64]  David R. Bowes,et al.  Identifying the Impacts of Rail Transit Stations on Residential Property Values , 2001 .

[65]  G. Knaap,et al.  Measuring the effects of mixed land uses on housing values , 2004 .

[66]  P. Cheshire,et al.  'Iconic Design' as Deadweight Loss: Rent Acquisition by Design in the Constrained London Office Market , 2014 .

[67]  Joseph Ferreira,et al.  Residential Property Values and the Built Environment , 2010 .

[68]  Rayman Mohamed,et al.  The Economics of Conservation Subdivisions , 2006 .

[69]  Andrew Baum Quality and Property Performance , 1994 .

[70]  C. Grimmond,et al.  Assessing the impact of changes in surface cover, human behaviour and climate on energy partitioning across Greater London. , 2017 .

[71]  Greg T. Smersh,et al.  Pricing Residential Amenities: The Value of a View , 1998 .

[72]  J. Sallis,et al.  Many Pathways from Land Use to Health: Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality , 2006 .

[73]  Michael James Biddulph,et al.  Street Design and Street Use: Comparing Traffic Calmed and Home Zone Streets , 2012 .

[74]  Jim Berry,et al.  Hedonic modelling of high street retail properties: a quality design perspective , 2013 .

[75]  Christopher M. Jones,et al.  Spatial distribution of U.S. household carbon footprints reveals suburbanization undermines greenhouse gas benefits of urban population density. , 2014, Environmental science & technology.

[76]  D. Hillier,et al.  Criminogenic Associations and Characteristic British Housing Designs , 2002 .

[77]  M. Alfonzo,et al.  Walk this way: The economic promise of walkable places in Metropolitan Washington, D.C. , 2012 .

[78]  W. Sullivan,et al.  Social Life Under Cover , 2015 .

[79]  Julie E Dockrell,et al.  The Effects of Noise on Children at School: A Review , 2003 .

[80]  Bongkoo Lee,et al.  A tale of three greenway trails: user perceptions related to quality of life , 2000 .

[81]  Ronald Wiedenhaft Cities for People , 1981 .

[82]  M. Depledge,et al.  Blue space: The importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes , 2010 .

[83]  Reid Ewing,et al.  The Built Environment and Traffic Safety , 2009 .

[84]  Michael Duncan,et al.  Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes: evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[85]  Scott C Brown,et al.  Built Environment and Physical Functioning in Hispanic Elders: The Role of “Eyes on the Street” , 2008, Environmental health perspectives.

[86]  K. Day,et al.  Walking, obesity and urban design in Chinese neighborhoods. , 2014, Preventive medicine.

[87]  Beverly K Wilson,et al.  Urban form and residential electricity consumption: Evidence from Illinois, USA , 2013 .

[88]  Patrick McAllister,et al.  Designer Buildings: Estimating the Economic Value of ‘Signature’ Architecture , 2011 .

[89]  Guang Tian,et al.  Amenity, accessibility and housing values in metropolitan USA: A study of Salt Lake County, Utah , 2016 .

[90]  Kuei-Hsien Liao,et al.  Urban design principles for flood resilience: Learning from the ecological wisdom of living with floods in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta , 2016 .

[91]  Kerstin Vogler Designing Urban Transformation , 2016 .

[92]  Donald Appleyard,et al.  ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF CITY STREETS: THE RESIDENTS' VIEWPOINT , 1971 .

[93]  S. Koole,et al.  Environmental preference and restoration: (How) are they related? , 2003 .

[94]  B. Cho,et al.  Influence of urban neighbourhood environment on physical activity and obesity-related diseases. , 2015, Public health.

[95]  Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris,et al.  Measuring the Effects of Built Environment on Bus Stop Crime , 2000 .

[96]  Jane H. Lillydahl,et al.  The Effects of Greenbelts on Residential Property Values: Some Findings on the Political Economy of Open Space , 1978 .

[97]  Bryan H. Massam,et al.  Quality of life: public planning and private living , 2002 .

[98]  Sugie Lee,et al.  Identifying the Relationship between the Objectively Measured Built Environment and Walking Activity in the High-Density and Transit-Oriented City, Seoul, Korea , 2014 .

[99]  S. Rodiek,et al.  Outdoor Environments for People with Dementia , 2013 .

[100]  Mattia Zanella,et al.  Form and urban change – An urban morphometric study of five gentrified neighbourhoods in London , 2017 .

[101]  Xia Li,et al.  Estimating the relationship between urban forms and energy consumption: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, 2005–2008 , 2011 .

[102]  John Radke,et al.  The Effect of Urban Form and Residential Cooling Energy Use in Sacramento, California , 2014 .

[103]  N. Owen,et al.  Are public open space attributes associated with walking and depression , 2017 .

[104]  Lee Schipper,et al.  Driving CO2 reduction by Integrating Transport and Urban Design strategies , 2011 .

[105]  E. Burton,et al.  Bed of roses? The role of garden space in older people's well-being , 2015 .

[106]  A. Murray,et al.  Do urban environments increase the risk of anxiety, depression and psychosis? An epidemiological study. , 2013, Journal of affective disorders.

[107]  Urban green spaces and health. A review of evidence , 2016 .

[108]  P. Tugwell,et al.  PROTOCOL: Do evidence summaries increase health policy‐makers’ use of evidence from systematic reviews? A systematic review protocol , 2017 .

[109]  Y. Yamagata,et al.  Relationship between urban form and CO2 emissions: Evidence from fifty Japanese cities , 2012 .

[110]  R. Kaplan The Nature of the View from Home , 2001 .

[111]  T. Lakes,et al.  Multiple environmental burdens and neighborhood-related health of city residents , 2012 .

[112]  R. Ewing,et al.  Growing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change , 2008 .

[113]  Todd Litman,et al.  Economic Value of Walkability Economic Value of Walkability , 2022 .

[114]  R. Clarke Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies , 1992 .

[115]  J. Sallis,et al.  Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[116]  Emily Talen,et al.  Design for Diversity: Evaluating the Context of Socially Mixed Neighbourhoods , 2006 .

[117]  Jan Golembiewski Architecture, the urban environment and severe psychosis: Aetiology , 2017 .

[118]  Jennifer A Ailshire,et al.  Mobility disability and the urban built environment. , 2008, American journal of epidemiology.

[119]  David P. Farrington,et al.  Improved street lighting and crime prevention : a systematic review , 2007 .

[120]  Soren T. Anderson,et al.  Open Space, Residential Property Values, and Spatial Context , 2006 .

[121]  P. K. Asabere,et al.  The value of a neighborhood street with reference to the cul-de-sac , 1990 .

[122]  L. George,et al.  The role of the built environment in the disablement process. , 2005, American journal of public health.

[123]  C. Clark,et al.  The impact of the physical and urban environment on mental well-being. , 2006, Public health.

[124]  J. G. Evans,et al.  Effects of urban density on carbon dioxide exchanges: Observations of dense urban, suburban and woodland areas of southern England. , 2015, Environmental pollution.

[125]  R. Maheswaran,et al.  The health benefits of urban green spaces: a review of the evidence. , 2011, Journal of public health.

[126]  Noelwah R. Netusil,et al.  THE EFFECT OF OPEN SPACES ON A HOME'S SALE PRICE , 2001 .

[127]  Graham. Parkhurst,et al.  Driven To Excess: Impacts of Motor Vehicles on the Quality of Life of Residents of Three Streets in Bristol UK , 2011 .

[128]  Seong-Hoon Cho,et al.  Measuring the Contribution of Water and Green Space Amenities to Housing Values: An Application and Comparison of Spatially Weighted Hedonic Models , 2006 .

[129]  Kyung-Hwan Lee,et al.  Effects of changes in neighbourhood environment due to the CPTED project on residents’ social activities and sense of community: a case study on the Cheonan Safe Village Project in Korea , 2017 .

[130]  J. Brian McLoughlin,et al.  Progress in Planning , 1981 .

[131]  Irene van Kamp,et al.  Urban environmental quality and human well-being Towards a conceptual framework and demarcation of concepts; a literature study , 2003 .

[132]  J. Veerman,et al.  The effects of built environment attributes on physical activity-related health and health care costs outcomes in Australia. , 2016, Health & place.

[133]  Susan Parham,et al.  Happy city: transforming our lives through urban design , 2014 .

[134]  Gordon Holden,et al.  The Value of Urban Design , 2012 .

[135]  Li He,et al.  The cooling and energy saving effect of landscape design parameters of urban park in summer: A case of Beijing, China , 2017 .

[136]  R. Cervero,et al.  COMMUTING IN TRANSIT VERSUS AUTOMOBILE NEIGHBORHOODS , 1995 .

[137]  J. Peen,et al.  The current status of urban‐rural differences in psychiatric disorders , 2010, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[138]  K. Stronks,et al.  Is it better to invest in place or people to maximize population health? Evaluation of the general health impact of urban regeneration in Dutch deprived neighbourhoods. , 2016, Health & place.

[139]  P. Travlou,et al.  Open space and social inclusion: local woodland use in Central Scotland. , 2004 .

[140]  H. Gulinck,et al.  The Fragmentation Bias in Valuing and Qualifying Open Space , 2014 .

[141]  Matthew Carmona,et al.  Design governance: theorizing an urban design sub-field , 2016 .

[142]  Xiaoping Liu,et al.  Examining the impacts of socioeconomic factors, urban form, and transportation networks on CO2 emissions in China’s megacities , 2017 .

[143]  Satoshi Ishii,et al.  Impact of future urban form on the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from residential, commercial and public buildings in Utsunomiya, Japan , 2010 .

[144]  Shakil Mohammad Rifaat,et al.  Effect of street pattern on the severity of crashes involving vulnerable road users. , 2011, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[145]  A. Rosso,et al.  The Urban Built Environment and Mobility in Older Adults: A Comprehensive Review , 2011, Journal of aging research.

[146]  A. Adair,et al.  Real estate value and quality design in commercial office properties , 2013 .

[147]  Lishan Xiao,et al.  A sustainable urban form: The challenges of compactness from the viewpoint of energy consumption and carbon emission , 2015 .

[148]  Fiona Bull,et al.  The influence of urban design on neighbourhood walking following residential relocation: longitudinal results from the RESIDE study. , 2013, Social science & medicine.

[149]  M. Whitbread Two Trade-off Experiments to Evaluate the Quality of Residential Environments , 1978 .

[150]  Li Yu,et al.  Eco-cities, governance and sustainable lifestyles: The case of the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City , 2016 .

[151]  R. Armitage,et al.  Sustaining the crime reduction impact of designing out crime: Re-evaluating the Secured by Design scheme 10 years on , 2011 .

[152]  J. Sallis,et al.  Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[153]  Jake Desyllas,et al.  The cost of bad design , 2006 .

[154]  Dongkuk Chang,et al.  Social Crime or Spatial Crime? Exploring the Effects of Social, Economical, and Spatial Factors on Burglary Rates , 2011 .

[155]  A. Martyr,et al.  Outdoor environments for people with dementia: an exploratory study using virtual reality , 2007, Ageing and Society.

[156]  D. Hough,et al.  Can “good” architecture meet the market test? , 1983 .

[157]  Chuanglin Fang,et al.  Changing urban forms and carbon dioxide emissions in China: A case study of 30 provincial capital cities , 2015 .

[158]  Lucie Richard,et al.  Staying connected: neighbourhood correlates of social participation among older adults living in an urban environment in Montréal, Quebec. , 2008, Health promotion international.

[159]  Jonathan Freeman,et al.  The Value of Public Space: How High Quality Parks and Public Spaces Create Economic, Social and Environmental Value , 2004 .

[160]  S Macmillan The value handbook: getting the most from your buildings and spaces. , 2006 .

[161]  Darren Bell,et al.  The Emergence of Contemporary Masterplans: Property Markets and the Value of Urban Design , 2005 .

[162]  S. Maruthaveeran,et al.  Fear of crime in urban parks – What the residents of Kuala Lumpur have to say? , 2015 .

[163]  Andrea Garfinkel-Castro,et al.  Do Better Urban Design Qualities Lead to More Walking in Salt Lake City, Utah? , 2015 .

[164]  John F. Kain,et al.  The Economics of Architecture and Urban Design: Some Preliminary Findings , 1989 .

[165]  R. Gifford The Consequences of Living in High-Rise Buildings , 2007 .

[166]  Elena G. Irwin,et al.  The Effects of Open Space on Residential Property Values , 2002, Land Economics.

[167]  An empirical assessment of the relationship between schools capital investment and pupil performance , 2009 .

[168]  Ariovaldo Denis Granja,et al.  The concept of desired value as a stimulus for change in social housing in Brazil , 2011 .

[169]  David P. Farrington,et al.  Improved Street Lighting: Crime Reducing Effects and Cost-Benefit Analyses , 1999 .

[170]  L. Frank,et al.  Multiple health benefits of urban tree canopy: The mounting evidence for a green prescription. , 2016, Health & place.

[171]  B. B. Boley,et al.  The Impact of urban greenways on residential concerns: Findings from the Atlanta BeltLine Trail , 2017 .

[172]  Koen Steemers,et al.  Lively Social Space, Well-Being Activity, and Urban Design: Findings From a Low-Cost Community-Led Public Space Intervention , 2017 .

[173]  Qianjun Zhao,et al.  Exploring the relationship between urban transportation energy consumption and transition of settlement morphology: A case study on Xiamen Island, China , 2013 .

[174]  Juanyong Li,et al.  The relationships between urban parks, residents' physical activity, and mental health benefits: A case study from Beijing, China. , 2017, Journal of environmental management.

[175]  W. Riggs,et al.  Does walkability matter? An examination of walkability’s impact on housing values, foreclosures and crime , 2015 .

[176]  Alastair Adair,et al.  Impact of quality-led design on real estate value: a spatiotemporal analysis of city centre apartments , 2016 .

[177]  David E. Jacobs,et al.  Environmental burden of disease associated with inadequate housing: a method guide to the quantification of health effects of selected housing risks in the WHO European region. , 2011 .

[178]  Khaled Alawadi,et al.  Rethinking Dubai’s urbanism : generating sustainable form-based urban design strategies for an integrated neighborhood , 2017 .

[179]  Sharon K. Davis,et al.  Neighborhood social and physical environments and type 2 diabetes mellitus in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study , 2017, Health & place.

[180]  S. Robert,et al.  Subjective and objective neighborhood characteristics and adult health. , 2008, Social science & medicine.

[181]  C. D. Magalhães,et al.  Local environmental quality: establishing acceptable standards in England , 2009 .

[182]  R. Ulrich Natural Versus Urban Scenes , 1981 .

[183]  Duncan Smith Valuing housing and green spaces: Understanding local amenities, the built environment and house prices in London , 2010 .

[184]  Susan Saegert,et al.  Residential density, social overload, and social withdrawal , 1978 .

[185]  C. Peek-Asa,et al.  Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. , 2000, American journal of preventive medicine.

[186]  Kathleen L. Wolf,et al.  PUBLIC RESPONSE TO THE URBAN FOREST IN INNER-CITY BUSINESS DISTRICTS , 2003 .

[187]  F. Schilder,et al.  The Economics of Style: Measuring the Price Effect of Neo‐Traditional Architecture in Housing , 2017 .

[188]  Malaika Brengman,et al.  The effects of urban retail greenery on consumer experience: Reviewing the evidence from a restorative perspective , 2010 .

[189]  J. Curtice,et al.  Associations between health and different types of environmental incivility: a Scotland-wide study. , 2009, Public health.

[190]  Pooja Vijay Ramamurthi,et al.  Quality of life for all: A sustainable development framework for India's climate policy reduces greenhouse gas emissions , 2017 .

[191]  R. Hickman,et al.  Street appeal: The value of street improvements , 2017, Progress in Planning.

[192]  Jim Berry,et al.  Urban design quality and downtown office rents: A case study of Belfast City Centre , 2011 .

[193]  Paolo La Greca,et al.  Assessing spatial benefits of urban regeneration programs in a highly vulnerable urban context: a case study in Catania, Italy. , 2017 .

[194]  K. Williams,et al.  Making the case for investment in the walking environment: A review of the evidence , 2011 .

[195]  Bill Hillier,et al.  Can streets be made safe? , 2004 .

[196]  David P. Farrington,et al.  16. The Crime Reducing Effect of Improved Street Lighting: The Dudley Project , 2008 .

[197]  R. Ewing,et al.  Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity - update and refinement. , 2014, Health & place.

[198]  B. Giles-Corti,et al.  Environmental and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Perth, Australia , 2003, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[199]  C. Ratti,et al.  Energy consumption and urban texture , 2005 .

[200]  Cul-de-sac kids , 2013 .

[201]  L. Jackson The relationship of urban design to human health and condition , 2003 .

[202]  Tobias Preis,et al.  Quantifying the Impact of Scenic Environments on Health , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[203]  L. M. Anderson,et al.  Influence of Trees on Residential Property Values in Athens, Georgia (U.S.A. ) : A Survey based on Actual Sales Prices , 1988 .

[204]  C. Tanner,et al.  The influence of school architecture on academic achievement , 2000 .

[205]  R. G. Davies,et al.  Urban form, biodiversity potential and ecosystem services , 2007 .

[206]  Michał Klichowski,et al.  Does the human brain really like ICT tools and being outdoors? A brief overview of the cognitive neuroscience perspective of the CyberParks concept , 2017 .

[207]  A. Moudon,et al.  The economic value of walkable neighborhoods , 2012 .

[208]  Daniel Sauter,et al.  Liveable streets and social inclusion , 2008 .

[209]  H. Frumkin Urban Sprawl and Public Health , 2002, Public health reports.

[210]  P. Rajagopalan,et al.  Review on the impact of urban geometry and pedestrian level greening on outdoor thermal comfort , 2016 .

[211]  R. Ulrich View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. , 1984, Science.

[212]  S. Alidoust,et al.  Master planned communities for the ageing population: how sociable are they? , 2017 .

[213]  Martin A. Andresen,et al.  Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. , 2004, American journal of preventive medicine.

[214]  Yoshitsugu Hayashi,et al.  Strategies and instruments for low-carbon urban transport: An international review on trends and effects , 2013 .

[215]  V. I. Lohr,et al.  Responses to Scenes with Spreading, Rounded, and Conical Tree Forms , 2006 .

[216]  A. Timperio,et al.  Typologies of neighbourhood environments and children's physical activity, sedentary time and television viewing , 2017, Health and Place.

[217]  P. Groenewegen,et al.  EVIDENCE BASED PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY AND PRACTICE Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? , 2006 .

[218]  Moohammed Wasim Yahia,et al.  Effect of urban design on microclimate and thermal comfort outdoors in warm-humid Dar es Salaam, Tanzania , 2017, International Journal of Biometeorology.

[219]  H. Akbari,et al.  Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas , 2001 .

[220]  S. Carlson,et al.  Public support for street-scale urban design practices and policies to increase physical activity. , 2011, Journal of physical activity & health.

[221]  Lance Freeman,et al.  The Effects of Sprawl on Neighborhood Social Ties: An Explanatory Analysis , 2001 .

[222]  Humberto Barrera-Jiménez Urban form, mobility and sustainability: A macroscopic prospective spatial analysis for road traffic safety planning in Medellin, Colombia , 2020 .

[223]  S. Gillespie Neighbourhood Amenities and Depressive Symptoms in Urban-Dwelling Older Adults , 2017 .

[224]  B. Giles-Corti,et al.  Neighbourhood design and fear of crime: a social-ecological examination of the correlates of residents' fear in new suburban housing developments. , 2010, Health & place.

[225]  Robert Cervero,et al.  Neighbourhood Composition and Residential Land Prices: Does Exclusion Raise or Lower Values? , 2004 .

[226]  John H. Schweitzer,et al.  The Impact of the Built Environment on Crime and Fear of Crime in Urban Neighborhoods , 1999 .

[227]  Pia Nilsson,et al.  Natural amenities in urban space – A geographically weighted regression approach , 2014 .

[228]  Sense of Place and Health in Hamilton, Ontario: A Case Study , 2012, Social indicators research.

[229]  Bill Hillier,et al.  An evidence based approach to crime and urban design , 2009 .

[230]  R. Ewing,et al.  The impact of urban form on U.S. residential energy use , 2008 .

[231]  R. Cervero,et al.  From elevated freeways to surface boulevards: neighborhood and housing price impacts in San Francisco , 2007 .

[232]  G. Pivo,et al.  The Walkability Premium in Commercial Real Estate Investments , 2011 .

[233]  M. Roberts Sharing Space: Urban Design and Social Mixing in Mixed Income New Communities , 2007 .

[234]  Jeanne Moore,et al.  PLACING HOME IN CONTEXT , 2000 .

[235]  Jack L. Nasar,et al.  ‘Hot spots’ of fear and crime: A multi-method investigation , 1993 .

[236]  D. Sui,et al.  Neighborhood commuting environment and obesity in the United States: an urban-rural stratified multilevel analysis. , 2014, Preventive medicine.

[237]  Norman W Garrick,et al.  Does street network design affect traffic safety? , 2011, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[238]  Susan Thompson,et al.  Connecting and strengthening communities in places for health and well-being , 2014 .

[239]  R. Ewing,et al.  Obesity and the built environment at different urban scales: examining the literature* , 2017, Nutrition reviews.

[240]  M. Carmona London's local high streets: The problems, potential and complexities of mixed street corridors , 2015 .

[241]  R. Ewing,et al.  Hedonic Price Effects of Pedestrian- and Transit-Oriented Development , 2011 .

[242]  J. Speck Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time , 2012 .

[243]  A. Loukaitou-Sideris Hot Spots of Bus Stop Crime , 1999 .

[244]  F. E. Kuo,et al.  Environment and Crime in the Inner City , 2001 .

[245]  David B. Wilson,et al.  Effects of Improved Street Lighting on Crime , 2008 .

[246]  Congying Li,et al.  Ecohydrology and good urban design for urban storm water-logging in Beijing, China , 2012 .

[247]  Thomas R Hochschild The Cul-de-sac Effect: Relationship between Street Design and Residential Social Cohesion , 2015 .

[248]  R. Ulrich Visual landscapes and psychological well‐being , 1979 .

[249]  Andrew Baum,et al.  Quality, Depreciation, and Property Performance , 1993 .

[250]  W. Whyte The social life of small urban spaces , 1980 .

[251]  B. Giles-Corti,et al.  The influence of the built environment, social environment and health behaviors on body mass index. results from RESIDE. , 2011, Preventive medicine.

[252]  N. Nakagoshi,et al.  Using GIS and landscape metrics in the hedonic price modeling of the amenity value of urban green space: A case study in Jinan City, China , 2007 .

[253]  Jennifer A Ailshire,et al.  Urban built environments and trajectories of mobility disability: findings from a national sample of community-dwelling American adults (1986-2001). , 2009, Social science & medicine.

[254]  R. Cervero,et al.  Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogotá , 2009 .

[255]  P. Groenewegen,et al.  Natural Environments—Healthy Environments? An Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Greenspace and Health , 2003 .

[256]  C. Tu,et al.  Valuing New Urbanism: The Case of Kentlands , 1999 .

[257]  Richard P Troiano,et al.  The association between urban form and physical activity in U.S. adults. , 2002, American journal of preventive medicine.

[258]  W. Sullivan,et al.  The Fruit of Urban Nature , 2004 .