Emerging concepts of nanobiotechnology in mRNA delivery.

Introducing mRNA into cells has attracted intense interest for diverse applications, however success requires delivery solutions. Engineered nanomaterials have been applied as mRNA nanocarriers; their functions are designed mainly as delivery vehicles, but rarely in regulation of the protein translation. Recently, progress in nanobiotechnology has shifted the design principle of mRNA nanocarriers from simple delivery tools to translation modulators. Here, we review the emerging concepts of nanomaterials regulating mRNA translation and recent progresses in mRNA delivery. Designer nanomaterials providing integrated functions for specific mRNA applications are also reviewed to provide insights for the design of next-generation nanomaterials to revolutionize mRNA technology.

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