Balancing Content and Language in Instruction: The Experience of Immersion Teachers

Research on immersion teaching has consistently shown that immersion teachers tend to focus on subject matter content at the expense of language teaching. The response to that research has often entailed suggestions for teachers on how better to integrate language and content in their instruction. However, missing from the discussion are rich descriptions of the actual experiences that immersion teachers have as they attempt to balance language and content in their teaching. This phenomenological study aims to address this gap by exploring teachers' lived experience with content and language integration. In this article, authors report on findings suggesting that immersion teachers' experience with balancing language and content is a multifaceted struggle involving issues related to teacher identity, stakeholder expectations, and understandings regarding the relationship between language and content. Implications for school-based support for immersion programs as well as calls for reform in immersion teacher preparation and professional development are shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[1]  H. Gadamer,et al.  Truth and Method , 1960 .

[2]  B. Bloom,et al.  Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain , 1966 .

[3]  W. Lambert,et al.  Bilingual education of children;: The St. Lambert experiment , 1972 .

[4]  I. Spilka Assessment of Second-Language Performance in Immersion Programs , 1976 .

[5]  M. Bruck,et al.  COGNITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF BILINGUAL SCHOOLING: THE ST. LAMBERT PROJECT THROUGH GRADE SIX , 1977 .

[6]  Sharon Lapkin,et al.  Evaluating Bilingual Education: A Canadian Case Study , 1984 .

[7]  Catherine Pawley,et al.  How Bilingual Are French Immersion Students , 1985 .

[8]  L. Shulman Those Who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching , 1986 .

[9]  L. Shulman Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform , 1987 .

[10]  Fred Genesee,et al.  Learning through two languages: Studies of immersion and bilingual education , 1987 .

[11]  Merrill Swain,et al.  Manipulating and Complementing Content Teaching To Maximize Second Language Learning , 1988 .

[12]  Donald E. Polkinghorne,et al.  Phenomenological research methods. , 1989 .

[13]  F. Genesee,et al.  A Conceptual Framework for the Integration of Language and Content in Second/Foreign Language Instruction , 1989 .

[14]  M. Manen Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy , 1990 .

[15]  W. Lambert,et al.  The effectiveness of a foreign language immersion program for children from different ethnic and social class backgrounds: Report 2 , 1991, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[16]  D. T. Mizokawa,et al.  Additive-Bilingual (Immersion) Education: Cognitive and Language Development. , 1991 .

[17]  Birgit Harley,et al.  Patterns of second language development in French immersion , 1992, Journal of French Language Studies.

[18]  C. Cazden Language Minority Education in the United States: Implications of the Ramirez Report. Educational Practice Report: 3. , 1992 .

[19]  C. Cazden Language Mindority Education in the United States: Implications of the Ramirez Report , 1992 .

[20]  B. Harley,et al.  Instructional Strategies and SLA in Early French Immersion , 1993, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[21]  Andrew D. Cohen,et al.  The language used to perform cognitive operations during full- immersion maths tasks , 1994 .

[22]  Robert DeKeyser,et al.  Learning Second Language Grammar Rules , 1995, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[23]  Merrill Swain,et al.  A Sociolinguistic Perspective on Second Language Use in Immersion Classrooms , 1995 .

[24]  Merrill Swain,et al.  Integrating Language and Content in Immersion Classrooms: Research Perspectives. , 1996 .

[25]  Helen B. Slaughter,et al.  Immersion Education: Indigenous language immersion in Hawai'i: A case study of Kula Kaiapuni Hawai'i, an effort to save the indigenous language of Hawai'i , 1997 .

[26]  A. Giorgi,et al.  The Theory, Practice, and Evaluation of the Phenomenological Method as a Qualitative Research Procedure , 1997 .

[27]  Myriam Met,et al.  Immersion Education: Lessons from U.S. immersion programs: Two decades of experience , 1997 .

[28]  R. Lyster,et al.  CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK AND LEARNER UPTAKE , 1997, Studies in Second Language Acquisition.

[29]  S. Caldas,et al.  Poverty, Race, and Foreign Language Immersion: Predictors of Math and English Language Arts Performance. , 1999 .

[30]  C. Walker,et al.  The Complexity of Immersion Education: Teachers Address the Issues , 2000 .

[31]  J. Norris,et al.  Effectiveness of L2 Instruction: A Research Synthesis and Quantitative Meta‐analysis , 2000 .

[32]  J. Norris,et al.  Does Type of Instruction Make a Difference? Substantive Findings From a Meta‐analytic Review , 2001 .

[33]  Merrill Swain,et al.  Integrating Language and Content Teaching through Collaborative Tasks , 2001 .

[34]  Miles Turnbull,et al.  Grade 3 Immersion Students' Performance in Literacy and Mathematics: Province-wide Results from Ontario (1998-99) , 2001 .

[35]  Maria Nyström,et al.  Reflective Lifeworld Research , 2001 .

[36]  Mary M. Kennedy,et al.  Knowledge and Teaching , 2002 .

[37]  Pauline Gibbons,et al.  Scaffolding language, scaffolding learning : teaching second language learners in the mainstream classroom , 2002 .

[38]  Donna Christian,et al.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF BILINGUALISM AND BILITERACY FROM GRADE 3 TO 5: A SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FROM THE CAL/CREDE STUDY OF TWO-WAY IMMERSION EDUCATION , 2004 .

[39]  Robert E. Slavin,et al.  A Synthesis of Research on Language of Reading Instruction for English Language Learners , 2004 .

[40]  Mary J. Schleppegrell The Language of Schooling: A Functional Linguistics Perspective , 2004 .

[41]  Gene V. Glass,et al.  The Big Picture: A Meta-Analysis of Program Effectiveness Research on English Language Learners , 2005 .

[42]  Merrill Swain,et al.  The evolving sociopolitical context of immersion education in Canada: some implications for program development1 , 2005 .

[43]  Walter Andrew Lazaruk,et al.  Linguistic, Academic, and Cognitive Benefits of French Immersion , 2007 .

[44]  Jim Cummins,et al.  Rethinking monolingual instructional strategies in multilingual classrooms , 2007 .

[45]  William H. Wilson,et al.  I Kumu; I La _ la _ : "Let There Be Sources; Let There Be Branches": Teacher Education in the College of Hawaiian Language 1 , 2007 .

[46]  Roy Lyster,et al.  Learning and Teaching Languages Through Content: A counterbalanced Approach , 2007 .

[47]  Kim Potowski,et al.  Language and Identity in a Dual Immersion School , 2007 .

[48]  M. Met Chapter 3: Paying Attention to Language: Literacy, Language and Academic Achievement , 2008 .

[49]  O. García,et al.  Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective , 2008 .

[50]  F. Genesee Chapter 2: Dual Language in the Global Village , 2008 .

[51]  D. J. Tedick,et al.  Chapter 1: One-Way, Two-Way and Indigenous Immersion: A Call for Cross-Fertilization , 2008 .

[52]  P. Hoare,et al.  Chapter 12: Late Immersion in Hong Kong: Still Stressed or Making Progress? , 2008 .

[53]  Diane Dagenais Chapter 10: Developing a Critical Awareness of Language Diversity in Immersion , 2008 .

[54]  Elizabeth R. Howard,et al.  Language development and academic achievement in two-way immersion programs , 2008 .

[55]  D. J. Tedick,et al.  Pathways to multilingualism: Evolving perspectives on immersion education , 2008 .

[56]  Fred Genesee,et al.  WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT BILINGUAL EDUCTION FOR MAJORITY LANGUAGE STUDENTS? 1 , 2008 .

[57]  C. Walker,et al.  Integrated language and content teaching: Insights from the immersion classroom , 2008 .

[58]  Laurent Cammarata Negotiating Curricular Transitions: Foreign Language Teachers' Learning Experience with Content-Based Instruction , 2009 .

[59]  B. Mcmillan,et al.  Chapter 1. Teachers’ Use of the First Language in French Immersion: Revisiting a Core Principle , 2009 .

[60]  Laurent Cammarata Foreign Language Teachers’ Struggle to Learn Content-Based Instruction , 2010 .

[61]  R. Mougeon,et al.  The Sociolinguistic Competence of Immersion Students , 2010 .

[62]  Susan Barduhn,et al.  Integrating Language and Content , 2010 .