Web site design with the patron in mind: A step-by-step guide for libraries

This article describes the latest development of a generic approach to detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. The work makes substantial theoretical and methodological contributions to progressive knowledge domain visualization. A specialty is conceptualized and visualized as a time-variant duality between two fundamental concepts in information science: research fronts and intellectual bases. A research front is defined as an emergent and transient grouping of concepts and underlying research issues. The intellectual base of a research front is its citation and co-citation footprint in scientific literature—an evolving network of scientific publications cited by research-front concepts. Kleinberg's (2002) burst-detection algorithm is adapted to identify emergent research-front concepts. Freeman's (1979) betweenness centrality metric is used to highlight potential pivotal points of paradigm shift over time. Two complementary visualization views are designed and implemented: cluster views and time-zone views. The contributions of the approach are that (a) the nature of an intellectual base is algorithmically and temporally identified by emergent research-front terms, (b) the value of a co-citation cluster is explicitly interpreted in terms of research-front concepts, and (c) visually prominent and algorithmically detected pivotal points substantially reduce the complexity of a visualized network. The modeling and visualization process is implemented in CiteSpace II, a Java application, and applied to the analysis of two research fields: mass extinction (1981–2004) and terrorism (1990–2003). Prominent trends and pivotal points in visualized networks were verified in collaboration with domain experts, who are the authors of pivotal-point articles. Practical implications of the work are discussed. A number of challenges and opportunities for future studies are identified. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[1]  James Allan,et al.  Extracting significant time varying features from text , 1999, CIKM '99.

[2]  Henry G. Small,et al.  Paradigms, citations, and maps of science: A personal history , 2003, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[3]  Ray J. Paul,et al.  Visualizing a Knowledge Domain's Intellectual Structure , 2001, Computer.

[4]  B. C. Griffith,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Literatures I: Identifying and Graphing Specialties , 1974 .

[5]  H. Small.  A Co-Citation Model of a Scientific Specialty: A Longitudinal Study of Collagen Research , 1977 .

[6]  William M. Pottenger,et al.  A Survey of Emerging Trend Detection in Textual Data Mining , 2004 .

[7]  P. Wignall,et al.  Griesbachian (Earliest Triassic) palaeoenvironmental changes in the Salt Range, Pakistan and southeast China and their bearing on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction , 1993 .

[8]  D. Swanson.  Undiscovered Public Knowledge , 1986 .

[9]  Elizabeth M. Smith,et al.  Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. , 1999, JAMA.

[10]  Timothy Cribbin,et al.  Visualizing and tracking the growth of competing paradigms: Two case studies , 2002, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[11]  Kevin W. Boyack,et al.  Domain visualization using VxInsight® for science and technology management , 2002, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[12]  M E J Newman,et al.  Community structure in social and biological networks , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  M. Krausz,et al.  Primary Blast Injury After a Bomb Explosion in a Civilian Bus , 1989, Annals of surgery.

[14]  William M. Pottenger,et al.  Methodologies for Trend Detection in Textual Data Mining , 2005 .

[15]  Henk F. Moed,et al.  Mapping of science by combined co-citation and word analysis. II: Dynamical aspects , 1991 .

[16]  G. Cooper,et al.  Casualties from terrorist bombings. , 1983, The Journal of trauma.

[17]  M. M. Kessler.  Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers , 1963 .

[18]  C. Nicholson,et al.  Bedout: A Possible End-Permian Impact Crater Offshore of Northwestern Australia , 2004, Science.

[19]  Don R. Swanson,et al.  Online search for logically-related noninteractive medical literatures: A systematic trial-and-error strategy , 1989, JASIS.

[20]  Roger W. Schvaneveldt,et al.  Pathfinder associative networks: studies in knowledge organization , 1990 .

[21]  B. C. Griffith,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Literatures II: Toward a Macro- and Microstructure for Science , 1974 .

[22]  Henry G. Small,et al.  Co‐citation Context Analysis and the Structure of Paradigms , 1980, J. Documentation.

[23]  O. Persson.  The intellectual base and research fronts of JASIS 1986–1990 , 1994 .

[24]  C. Lee Giles,et al.  Clustering and identifying temporal trends in document databases , 2000, Proceedings IEEE Advances in Digital Libraries 2000.

[25]  P. Bak,et al.  Self-organized criticality , 1991 .

[26]  J. Tepas,et al.  The 1983 Beirut Airport terrorist bombing. Injury patterns and implications for disaster management. , 1989, The American surgeon.

[27]  N R Smalheiser,et al.  Using ARROWSMITH: a computer-assisted approach to formulating and assessing scientific hypotheses. , 1998, Computer methods and programs in biomedicine.

[28]  Eugene Garfield,et al.  THE USE OF CITATION DATA IN WRITING THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE , 1964 .

[29]  Henry Small.  The synthesis of specialty narratives from co-citation clusters , 1986 .

[30]  L. W. Alvarez,et al.  Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction , 1980, Science.

[31]  Chaomei Chen,et al.  Visualising Semantic Spaces and Author Co-Citation Networks in Digital Libraries , 1999, Inf. Process. Manag..

[32]  W. Alvarez.  T. Rex and the Crater of Doom , 1997 .

[33]  Robert J.W. Tijssen,et al.  Mapping Changes in Science and Technology , 1994 .

[34]  Chaomei Chen,et al.  The rising landscape: A visual exploration of superstring revolutions in physics , 2003, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[35]  Vannevar Bush,et al.  As we may think , 1945, INTR.

[36]  Steven B. Andrews,et al.  Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition , 1995, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[37]  J. Udry,et al.  Reactions of young adults to September 11, 2001. , 2003, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[38]  M. Rampino,et al.  Impact Event at the Permian-Triassic Boundary: Evidence from Extraterrestrial Noble Gases in Fullerenes , 2001, Science.

[39]  Chaomei Chen,et al.  Visualizing evolving networks: minimum spanning trees versus pathfinder networks , 2003, IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2003 (IEEE Cat. No.03TH8714).

[40]  Lisa Thalji,et al.  Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: findings from the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11. , 2002, JAMA.

[41]  R. E. Burton,et al.  The “half‐life” of some scientific and technical literatures , 1960 .

[42]  Chaomei Chen,et al.  Searching for intellectual turning points: Progressive knowledge domain visualization , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  Henry G. Small,et al.  A Passage Through Science: Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries , 1999, Libr. Trends.

[44]  Stephen G. Kobourov,et al.  Exploring the computing literature using temporal graph visualization , 2004, IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging.

[45]  C. Fullerton,et al.  The threat of biological weapons. Prophylaxis and mitigation of psychological and social consequences. , 1997, JAMA.

[46]  S. Galea,et al.  Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[47]  H. Abt.  Why some papers have long citation lifetimes , 1998, Nature.

[48]  T. Sandler,et al.  A Theoretical Analysis of Transnational Terrorism , 1983, American Political Science Review.

[49]  Gary G. Yen,et al.  Time line visualization of research fronts , 2003, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[50]  D J PRICE,et al.  NETWORKS OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS. , 1965, Science.

[51]  Mark P. Carpenter,et al.  Linkage Between Basic Research Literature and Patents , 1980 .

[52]  Henry Small.  Visualizing science by citation mapping , 1999 .

[53]  Anthony F. J. van Raan,et al.  On Growth, Ageing, and Fractal Differentiation of Science , 2000, Scientometrics.

[54]  J. Fairbank,et al.  Psychological Reactions to Terrorist Attacks , 2002 .

[55]  Lucy T. Nowell,et al.  ThemeRiver: Visualizing Thematic Changes in Large Document Collections , 2002, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[56]  J. Barbera,et al.  Weapons of mass destruction events with contaminated casualties: effective planning for health care facilities. , 2000, JAMA.

[57]  Alexander I. Pudovkin,et al.  Why do we need algorithmic historiography? , 2003, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[58]  R. Waxweiler,et al.  Physical injuries and fatalities resulting from the Oklahoma City bombing. , 1996, JAMA.

[59]  P. Wignall,et al.  Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction : facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States , 1992 .

[60]  M. Elliott,et al.  A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[61]  Mark S. Granovetter.  The Strength of Weak Ties , 1973, American Journal of Sociology.

[62]  L. Freeman.  Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification , 1978 .