Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Tonsil and Jejunum with Lymph Node Tissues of Slaughtered Swine in Metro Manila, Philippines

Due to frequent antibiotic exposure, swine is now recognized as potential risk in disseminating drug-resistant Salmonella enterica strains. This study thus subjected 20 randomly selected S. enterica isolates from tonsil and jejunum with lymph node (JLN) tissues of swine slaughtered in Metro Manila, Philippines, to VITEK 2 antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The test revealed all 20 isolates had resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent, in which highest occurrence of resistance was to amikacin (100%), cefazolin (100%), cefuroxime (100%), cefuroxime axetil (100%), cefoxitin (100%), and gentamicin (100%), followed by ampicillin (50%), and then by sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim (30%). Three multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were detected. The sole S. enterica serotype Enteritidis isolate showed resistance to 12 different antibiotics including ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, amikacin, gentamicin, and tigecycline. This study is the first to report worldwide on the novel resistance to tigecycline of MDR S. enterica serotype Enteritidis isolated from swine tonsil tissues. This finding poses huge therapeutic challenge since MDR S. enterica infections are associated with increased rate of hospitalization or death. Thus, continual regulation of antimicrobial use in food animals and prediction of resistant serotypes are crucial to limit the spread of MDR S. enterica isolates among hogs and humans.

[1]  C. Chiu,et al.  Development of carbapenem resistance during therapy for non-typhoid Salmonella infection. , 2012, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[2]  W. Marsden.  I and J , 2012 .

[3]  C. Chiu,et al.  Salmonella genomic island 1-J variants associated with change in the antibiotic resistance gene cluster in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow isolated from humans, Taiwan, 2004-2006. , 2012, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[4]  F. Cockerill.  Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-second informational supplement;[... provides updated tables for... M02-A11 and M07-A9]. , 2012 .

[5]  E. Cercenado,et al.  Genetic characterization of the mechanisms of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate and third-generation cephalosporins in Salmonella enterica from three Spanish hospitals. , 2011, International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology.

[6]  A. Yamaguchi,et al.  Roles of Salmonella multidrug efflux pumps in tigecycline resistance. , 2011, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[7]  K. Thong,et al.  Differentiation of Salmonella enterica based on PCR detection of selected somatic and flagellar antigens , 2010 .

[8]  A. Raymundo,et al.  Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Local Campylobacter jejuni Recovered From Ceca of Dressed Chickens of Commercial and Backyard Raisers in Laguna, Philippines , 2010 .

[9]  M. Christner,et al.  Combined ramR Mutation and Presence of a Tn1721-Associated tet(A) Variant in a Clinical Isolate of Salmonella enterica Serovar Hadar Resistant to Tigecycline , 2009, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[10]  F. Aarestrup,et al.  Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Concord Infections in Europe and the United States in Children Adopted From Ethiopia, 2003–2007 , 2009, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[11]  C. Chiu,et al.  High Rate of Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone among Nontyphoid Salmonella Clinical Isolates in Asia , 2009, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[12]  Seong-Han Kim,et al.  A Case of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Treated with a Bench to Bedside Approach , 2009, Yonsei medical journal.

[13]  P. Savelkoul,et al.  Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase Production in a Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Strain from the Philippines , 2008, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[14]  Sujate Chaunchom,et al.  Salmonella contamination in pigs at slaughter and on the farm: a field study using an antibody ELISA test and a PCR technique. , 2007, International journal of food microbiology.

[15]  A. Aarnink,et al.  Pig Production in Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, and Vietnam: A Review , 2006, Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development.

[16]  Ronald N. Jones,et al.  Activity of tigecycline tested against a global collection of Enterobacteriaceae, including tetracycline-resistant isolates. , 2005, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[17]  J. Verhoef,et al.  Presence of Tetracycline Resistance Determinants and Susceptibility to Tigecycline and Minocycline , 2005, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[18]  R. Maluping.  Pneumonia Associated with Salmonella choleraesuis Infection in a Piglet , 2005 .

[19]  D. Hoban,et al.  In vitro activity of tigecycline against 6792 Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates from the global Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST Program, 2004). , 2005, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[20]  C. Chiu,et al.  Antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoid Salmonella serotypes: a global challenge. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[21]  J. Funk,et al.  Characterization of antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes and genotypes among Salmonella enterica recovered from pigs on farms, from transport trucks, and from pigs after slaughter. , 2004, Journal of food protection.

[22]  S. Mobashery,et al.  Versatility of Aminoglycosides and Prospects for Their Future , 2003, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[23]  H Mittermayer,et al.  Multicentre evaluation of the VITEK 2 Advanced Expert System for interpretive reading of antimicrobial resistance tests. , 2002, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[24]  F. Baquero,et al.  In Vitro Activities of Ertapenem (MK-0826) against Recent Clinical Bacteria Collected in Europe and Australia , 2001, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[25]  E. L. Hohmann.  Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[26]  P. Fey,et al.  Ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella infection acquired by a child from cattle. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  T. A. Hall,et al.  BIOEDIT: A USER-FRIENDLY BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT EDITOR AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM FOR WINDOWS 95/98/ NT , 1999 .

[28]  C. Chiu,et al.  Rapid identification of Salmonella serovars in feces by specific detection of virulence genes, invA and spvC, by an enrichment broth culture-multiplex PCR combination assay , 1996, Journal of clinical microbiology.