Skeletal Muscle Structure, Function, and Plasticity: The Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation
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CHAPTER 1: SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY * Chapter Overview * Educational Objectives * Muscle Development * Skeletal Muscle Cell Microstructure * Whole Skeletal Muscle Structure * Chapter Summary * References CHAPTER 2: SKELETAL MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY * Chapter Overview * Educational Objectives * Muscle Fiber Activation * Skeletal Muscle Mechanics * Muscle Fiber Types and Motor Units * The Motor Unit * Chapter Summary * References CHAPTER 3: THE PRODUCTION OF MOVEMENT * Chapter Overview * Educational Objectives * Muscle-Tendon Interaction * Joint Moments * Muscle-Joint Interaction during Isometric Torque Production * Physiological Range of Motion * Isokinetic Dynamometers Used in Physical Assessment * The Gait Cycle * Biomechanics of Biarticular Muscles * Gait Cycle Timing at Increased Velocities * Energy Expenditure during Gait * Muscles as Springs * Direct Force and Length Measurements during Locomotion * Implications for Physical Therapy * Chapter Summary * References CHAPTER 4: SKELETAL MUSCLE ADAPTATION TO INCREASED USE * Chapter Overview * Educational Objectives * Adaptation to Chronic Electrical Stimulation * Adaptation to Chronic Stretch * Adaptation to Compensatory Hypertrophy * Adaptation to Intermittent Electrical Stimulation * Adaptation to Exercise * Chapter Summary * References CHAPTER 5: SKELETAL MUSCLE ADAPTATION TO DECREASED USE * Chapter Overview * Educational Objectives * Adaptation to Immobilization * Remobilization after Immobilization * Adaptation to Spinal Cord Transection * Adaptation to Hindlimb Unloading * Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Atrophy * Adaptation to Aging * Adaptation to Tenotomy * Adaptation to Denervation * Muscle Fiber Specificity to Reinnervation * Chapter Summary * References CHAPTER 6: SKELETAL MUSCLE RESPONSE TO INJURY * Chapter Overview * Educational Objectives * Causes of Muscle Regeneration * Morphology of the Degeneration-Regeneration Cycle * Muscle Properties after Regeneration * Clinical Application to Muscular Dystrophy * Muscle Response to Exercise-Induced Injury * Chapter Summary * References CHAPTER 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE ADAPTATION TO SPASTICITY * Chapter Overview * Educational Objectives * Skeletal Muscle Spasticity * Is Spasticity Increased Use or Decreased Use? * Fiber-Type and Fiber Size Changes with Spasticity * Biomechanical Studies of Spastic Limbs * Muscle Fiber Length in Spastic Muscle * Mechanical Changes in Spastic Muscle Tissue * Summary and Future Directions * References Index