Using paraxial approximation to describe the optical setup of a typical EARLINET lidar system

The mathematical formulation for the optical setup of a typical EARLINET lidar system is given here. The equations describing a lidar system from the emitted laser beam to its projection on the final receiving unit are revealed, based on paraxial approximation and geometric optics approach. The evaluation of the formulation is performed with ray tracing simulations, revealing an overall good performance with relative differences of the order of 5 % mainly attributed to aberrations that are not taken into account in paraxial approximation.

[1]  Kenneth Sassen,et al.  Polarization in Lidar , 2005 .

[2]  J. Langerholc,et al.  Geometrical form factors for the lidar function. , 1978, Applied optics.

[3]  U. Wandinger,et al.  Inversion with regularization for the retrieval of tropospheric aerosol parameters from multiwavelength lidar sounding. , 2002, Applied optics.

[4]  David N. Whiteman,et al.  Use of rotational Raman measurements in multiwavelength aerosol lidar for evaluation of particle backscattering and extinction , 2015 .

[5]  A. Ansmann,et al.  Independent measurement of extinction and backscatter profiles in cirrus clouds by using a combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar. , 1992, Applied optics.

[6]  A. Ansmann,et al.  Microphysical particle parameters from extinction and backscatter lidar data by inversion with regularization: theory. , 1999, Applied optics.

[7]  Francesc Rocadenbosch,et al.  Use of a field lens for improving the overlap function of a lidar system employing an optical fiber in the receiver assembly. , 2011, Applied optics.

[8]  E. Eloranta.  Practical model for the calculation of multiply scattered lidar returns. , 1993, Applied optics.

[9]  Detlef Müller,et al.  Systematic error of lidar profiles caused by a polarization-dependent receiver transmission: quantification and error correction scheme. , 2009, Applied optics.

[10]  U. Wandinger,et al.  Multiple-Scattering Influence on Extinction-and Backscatter-Coefficient Measurements with Raman and High-Spectral-Resolution Lidars. , 1998, Applied optics.

[11]  C. Zerefos,et al.  Aerosol Lidar observations and model calculations of the Planetary Boundary Layer evolution over Greece, during the March 2006 Total Solar Eclipse , 2007 .

[12]  K Tomine,et al.  Experimental determination of the crossover function in the laser radar equation for days with a light mist. , 1989, Applied optics.

[13]  D. Whiteman.  Application of statistical methods to the determination of slope in lidar data. , 1999, Applied optics.

[14]  J. Klett.  Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns. , 1981, Applied optics.

[15]  Volker Freudenthaler,et al.  About the effects of polarising optics on lidar signals and the Δ90 calibration , 2016 .

[16]  V. Freudenthaler,et al.  EARLINET: towards an advanced sustainable European aerosol lidar network , 2014 .

[17]  J R Jenness,et al.  Design of a lidar receiver with fiber-optic output. , 1997, Applied optics.

[18]  V. Freudenthaler,et al.  Experimental assessment of the lidar polarizing sensitivity , 2016 .

[19]  Daniele Bortoli,et al.  Infrared lidar overlap function: an experimental determination. , 2010, Optics express.

[20]  Albert Ansmann,et al.  The automated multiwavelength Raman polarization and water-vapor lidar PollyXT: The neXT generation , 2016 .

[21]  H van den Bergh,et al.  Influence of the photomultiplier tube spatial uniformity on lidar signals. , 1999, Applied optics.

[22]  Tadeusz Stacewicz,et al.  Analytical function for lidar geometrical compression form-factor calculations. , 2005, Applied optics.

[23]  A. Amodeo,et al.  Effective resolution concepts for lidar observations , 2015 .

[24]  A. Ansmann,et al.  Measurement of atmospheric aerosol extinction profiles with a Raman lidar. , 1990, Optics letters.

[25]  A. Ansmann,et al.  Experimental determination of the lidar overlap profile with Raman lidar. , 2002, Applied optics.

[26]  A. Papayannis,et al.  Analysis of the receiver response for a noncoaxial lidar system with fiber-optic output. , 2002, Applied optics.

[27]  P. D. Girolamo,et al.  APPLICATION OF RANDOMLY ORIENTED SPHEROIDS FORRETRIEVAL OF DUST PARTICLE PARAMETERS FROM MULTIWAVELENGTH LIDAR MEASUREMENTS , 2010 .

[28]  H. Kong,et al.  Experimental determination of a geometric form factor in a lidar equation for an inhomogeneous atmosphere. , 1997, Applied optics.

[29]  Y Sasano,et al.  Geometrical form factor in the laser radar equation: an experimental determination. , 1979, Applied optics.

[30]  Benjamin M. Herman,et al.  Determination of aerosol height distributions by lidar , 1972 .

[31]  Volker Freudenthaler,et al.  The telecover test: A quality assurance tool for the optical part of a lidar system , 2008 .

[32]  Alexandros Papayannis,et al.  Vertical aerosol distribution over Europe: Statistical analysis of Raman lidar data from 10 European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) stations , 2004 .

[33]  Albert Ansmann,et al.  Continuous monitoring of the boundary-layer top with lidar , 2008 .

[34]  V. Freudenthaler,et al.  Assessment of lidar depolarization uncertainty by means of a polarimetric lidar simulator , 2016 .

[35]  Albert Ansmann,et al.  1064 nm rotational Raman lidar for particle extinction and lidar-ratio profiling: cirrus case study , 2016 .

[36]  V. Freudenthaler,et al.  Depolarization ratio profiling at several wavelengths in pure Saharan dust during SAMUM 2006 , 2009 .

[37]  Jens Bösenberg,et al.  Study on retrieval algorithms for a backscatter lidar - Final report , 1997 .

[38]  Jens Bösenberg,et al.  Aerosol climatology for the planetary boundary layer derived from regular lidar measurements , 2002 .