Optimizing e‐learning: Research‐based guidelines for learner‐controlled training

The widespread availability of the Internet has revolutionized the way organizations train their workforces. With e-learning methods, learning can take place on-demand, and trainees can be given greater control over their learning than ever before. This increased control has the potential to improve training effectiveness. However, the failure of many e-learning programs suggests that organizations would benefit from a set of research-based principles on providing learner control in e-learning. In this article, we offer guidelines for preparing trainees for learner-led instruction, the design of learner-controlled training, and the creation of workplace conditions that facilitate successful learner-led training. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[1]  Dave Goforth,et al.  Learner Control = Decision Making + Information: A Model and Meta-Analysis , 1994 .

[2]  M. Hannafin,et al.  Metacognition research and theory: Analysis and implications for instructional design , 1992 .

[3]  V. Vroom Work and motivation , 1964 .

[4]  Gayle V. Davidson,et al.  Computer-Based Adaptive Instruction: Effects of Learner Control on Concept Learning. , 1991 .

[5]  C. Sansone The effects of competence and task feedback on intrinsic interest , 1986 .

[6]  Ok-choon Park,et al.  Hypermedia: functional features and research issues , 1991 .

[7]  E. A. Locke,et al.  A theory of goal setting & task performance , 1990 .

[8]  Jakob Nielsen,et al.  The art of navigating through hypertext , 1990, CACM.

[9]  Kevin A. Gluck,et al.  Effects of Practice and Learner Control on Short-and Long-Term Gain and Efficiency , 1998, Hum. Factors.

[10]  Pat-Anthony Federico,et al.  Hypermedia Environments and Adaptive Instruction , 1999 .

[11]  Gary R. Morrison,et al.  In search of a happy medium in instructional technology research: Issues concerning external validity, media replications, and learner control , 1989 .

[12]  D. Mcgregor,et al.  The Human Side of Enterprise , 1960 .

[13]  Helen L. Carlson Learning style and program design in interactive multimedia , 1991 .

[14]  Andrew Large,et al.  Hypertext Instructional Programs and Learner Control: A Research Review. , 1996 .

[15]  G. Yukl,et al.  Training and development in work organizations. , 1992 .

[16]  Susan H. Gray,et al.  The effect of sequence control on computer assisted learning , 1987 .

[17]  James D. Russell,et al.  The 2000/2001 astd distance learning yearbook , 2001 .

[18]  W. Milheim,et al.  Theoretical bases for the use of learner control: Three different perspectives. , 1991 .

[19]  P. Ackerman,et al.  Motivation and cognitive abilities: an integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition , 1989 .

[20]  Gregory Schraw Promoting general metacognitive awareness , 1998 .

[21]  Heidi L. Schnackenberg,et al.  Learner control over full and lean computer-based instruction under differing ability levels , 2000 .

[22]  Wei-Chi Tsai,et al.  Perceived importance as a mediator of the relationship between training assignment and training motivation , 2003 .

[23]  Scott W. Brown,et al.  Learner Control versus Program Control in Interactive Videodisc Instruction: What Are the Effects in Procedural Learning?. , 1992 .

[24]  G. Latham,et al.  Developing and Training Human Resources in Organizations , 1991 .

[25]  Diane F. Halpern,et al.  The Development of Adult Cognition: Understanding Constancy and Change in Adult Learning , 2004 .

[26]  Michael J. Hannafin,et al.  Guidelines for using locus of instructional control in the design of computer-assisted instruction , 1984 .

[27]  Scott I. Tannenbaum,et al.  Enhancing continuous learning: Diagnostic findings from multiple companies , 1997 .

[28]  Frank T. Wydra,et al.  Learner Controlled Instruction , 1980 .

[29]  Cynthia L. Friend,et al.  Learner control in computer-based instruction: a current literature review , 1990 .

[30]  Joseph S. Mattoon,et al.  Controlling Challenge in Instructional Simulation , 1993 .

[31]  Janice Z. Rouiller,et al.  The relationship between organizational transfer climate and positive transfer of training , 1993 .

[32]  Silvia Pavel,et al.  E-Learning Glossary , 2001 .

[33]  Kenneth G. Brown,et al.  Using computers to deliver training: Which employees learn and why? , 2001 .

[34]  John Hedberg,et al.  Dimensions of Learner Control A Reappraisal for Interactive Multimedia Instruction , 1995 .

[35]  M. David Merrill Don't Bother Me with Instructional Design--I'm Busy Programming!: Suggestions for More Effective Educational Software , 1988 .

[36]  H. Ellermann,et al.  A subject-controlled environment for paired associate learning , 1990 .

[37]  Samuel Hicken,et al.  Learner control modes and incentive variations in computer-delivered instruction , 1992 .

[38]  Lawrence B. Burwell The interaction of learning styles with learner control treatments in an interactive videodisc lesson , 1991 .

[39]  E. R. Steinberg Cognition and learner control: a literature review, 1977–1988 , 1989 .

[40]  Robert Maribe Branch,et al.  Designing for interaction, learner control, and feedback during Web-based learning , 1997 .

[41]  James E. Driskell,et al.  Effect of overlearning on retention. , 1992 .

[42]  Reid A. Bates Principles of CBI Design and the Adult Learner: The Need for Further Research. , 1996 .

[43]  Thomas C. Reeves,et al.  Pseudoscience in Computer-Based Instruction: The Case of Learner Control Research. , 1993 .

[44]  Esther R. Steinberg,et al.  Review of Student Control in Computer-Assisted Instruction , 1977 .

[45]  S. Ross,et al.  Learner control versus program control as adaptive strategies for selection of instructional support on math rules. , 1981 .

[46]  E. Salas,et al.  The science of training: a decade of progress. , 2001, Annual review of psychology.

[47]  Ruth Kanfer,et al.  Motivation and individual differences in learning: An integration of developmental, differential and cognitive perspectives , 1990 .

[48]  C. Reigeluth,et al.  Instructional prescriptions for learner control , 1992 .

[49]  Mark E. Van Buren,et al.  The 1999 ASTD state of the industry report , 1998 .

[50]  Esther R. Steinberg,et al.  Computer-presented organizational/memory aids as instruction for solving Pico-fo , 1985 .

[51]  J. D. Fletcher,et al.  Training & retraining : a handbook for business, industry, government, and the military , 2000 .

[52]  Susan H. Gray,et al.  The Effect of Locus of Control and Sequence Control on Computerized Information Retrieval and Retention , 1989 .

[53]  William D. Milheim,et al.  The Effects of Pacing and Sequence Control in an Interactive Video Lesson. , 1990 .

[54]  H. Sullivan,et al.  Matching learner preference to amount of instruction: An alternative form of learner control , 1995 .

[55]  L. Cronbach,et al.  Aptitudes and instructional methods: A handbook for research on interactions , 1977 .

[56]  Gary R. Morrison,et al.  Uses and effects of learner control of context and instructional support in computer-based instruction , 1989 .

[57]  J. Colquitt,et al.  Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: a meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[58]  Wang Li-pin Educational Psychology and Ability Training in Interpreting Drawings , 2002 .

[59]  Timothy T. Baldwin,et al.  TRANSFER OF TRAINING: A REVIEW AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH , 1988 .

[60]  R. Tennyson Instructional control strategies and content structure as design variables in concept acquisition using computer-based instruction. , 1980 .

[61]  John B. Smith,et al.  Hypertext: Introduction to the Special Issue , 1988, Commun. ACM.

[62]  E. A. Locke The Blackwell handbook of principles of organizational behavior , 2000 .

[63]  Shu-Ling Lai,et al.  Controlling the Display of Animation for Better Understanding , 2001 .

[64]  Robert F. Mager On the Sequencing of Instructional Content , 1961 .

[65]  Carol A. Carrier,et al.  Do Learners Make Good Choices , 1984 .

[66]  S. Kozlowski,et al.  Adaptive Guidance: Enhancing Self-Regulation, Knowledge, and Performance in Technology-Based Training , 2002 .

[67]  David L. Ryan-Jones,et al.  Using three-dimensional interactive graphics to teach equipment procedures , 1997 .

[68]  Greg Kearlsey Authoring considerations for hypertext , 1988 .

[69]  H. Hintze,et al.  Students' Attitudes towards Control Methods in Computer-Assisted Instruction. , 1988 .