Évaluation et rééducation des muscles de l'épaule en isocinétisme : méthodologie, résultats et applications

Resume Objectifs. – Preciser, a partir d'une revue de la litterature, l'apport de l'isocinetisme dans l'evaluation et la reeducation de l'epaule. Methode. – La revue de la litterature a porte sur les publications en langues anglaise et francaise, recueillies a partir de la banque de donnees Medline, des references des articles ainsi colliges ce qui a permis l'analyse de publications non indexees. Quatre-vingt-sept articles presentant un interet direct pour cette etude ont ete retenus. Resultat. – La validite de l'evaluation isocinetique de l'epaule est bonne. La reproductibilite, bien qu'inferieure a celle du genou, est satisfaisante sous reserve d'une methodologie de test rigoureuse. Les valeurs normales, pour les rotateurs, les abducteurs–adducteurs et extenseurs–flechisseurs sont dependantes de divers parametres tels que l'âge, le sexe, la corpulence, l'activite physique pratiquee. Le calcul des ratios agonistes–antagonistes est surtout interessant en pathologie. Dans le conflit sous-acromial et l'instabilite de l'epaule est constamment observee une modification du ratio des rotateurs, qui apparait plus comme un agent causal que comme une consequence de l'affection. Cette modification perdure habituellement apres traitement chirurgical de ces atteintes et la normalisation des ratios doit constituer un des elements de la reeducation postoperatoire. Conclusion. – L’isocinetisme constitue une methode de reference en matiere d'evaluation de la force musculaire, permettant de detecter les deficits portant sur certains groupes et plus encore les perturbations de la balance agonistes–antagonistes constatees lors de certaines pathologies d'epaule. Il constitue une aide precieuse a la reeducation en orientant la prise en charge preferentiellement sur les groupes deficitaires, en completant les techniques de renforcement classiques et en permettant un suivi precis des progres accomplis.

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