Responsible use of resources forsustainable aquaculture

The Bangkok Declaration expressed the need to develop resource-efficient farming systems which make efficient use of space (water, land), seed and feed inputs by exploring the potential for the aquaculture development of species ―feeding low in the food chain‖, and fully utilizing enhancement techniques. In this review we summarize changes over the last decade since the Declaration and trends to 2050 in use of key resources for aquaculture (Table 1). Comparisons of production, water and energy efficiencies of aquaculture versus an array of fisheries and terrestrial agriculture systems shows that non-fed aquaculture (shellfish, seaweeds) is among the world’s most efficient mass producer of plant and animal proteins. Various fed aquaculture systems also match the most efficient forms of terrestrial animal husbandry, and trends suggest that carnivores in the wild have been transformed in aquaculture to omnivores with impacts on resource use comparable to conventional, terrestrial agriculture systems, but are more efficient. Production efficiencies of edible mass for a variety of aquaculture systems are 2.5-4.5 kg dry feed/kg edible mass, compared with 3.0-17.4 for a range of conventional terrestrial animal production systems. Beef cattle require over 10 kg of feed to add 1 kg of edible weight, whereas tilapia and catfish use less than 3 kg to add a kg of edible weight. Energy use in unfed and low trophic level aquaculture systems (seaweeds, mussels, carps, tilapias) is comparable to energy usages in vegetable, sheep, and rangeland beef agriculture. Highest energy use is in fish cage and shrimp aquaculture, comparable to intensive animal agriculture feedlots, and extreme energy use has been reported for some of these aquaculture systems in Thailand. Capture fisheries are energy intensive in comparison with pond aquaculture of low trophic level species. For example, to produce 1 kcal of catfish protein about 34 kcal of fossil fuel energy is required; lobster and shrimp capture fisheries use more

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