Chemicals and effluent treatment in indigo denim processes

Abstract This chapter focuses on issues involving effluents generated by the denim industry, especially during the dyeing process using indigo dye and subsequent washing steps. Different wastewater treatments and their efficiency in denim industry are reviewed. Regarding the treatment of wastewater containing indigo dye, a case study using ultrafiltration membranes in the laboratory and on a semiindustrial scale has been selected. Membrane treatment allowed the full recovery of indigo from wastewater. The concentrated dye was reused in new dyeing processes. Fabrics dyed with recovered indigo were evaluated with respect to fabrics dyed with commercial indigo by the spectrophotometric colour difference, dry rubbing and washing fastness tests. Finally, taking into account the environmental impact of the denim industry, the future trends are examined to provide a more sustainable industry by reusing water and indigo dye, and replacing chemical reagents required for the dyeing process.

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