The influence of wavelength in extinction measurements and beam steering in laser-induced incandescence measurements in sooting flames

The accuracy of laser-induced incandescence (LII) measurements is significantly influenced by the calibration process and the laser profile degradation due to beam steering. Additionally, the wavelength used for extinction measurements, needed for LII calibration, is critical and should be kept as high as possible in order to avoid light absorption by molecular species in the flame. The influence of beam steering on the LII measurement was studied in turbulent sooting C2H4/air flames at different pressures. While inhomogeneities in the laser profile become smoothed out in time-averaged measurements, especially at higher pressure, the corresponding single-shot beam profiles reveal an increasing effect of beam steering. In the current configuration it was observed that the resulting local laser fluence remains within certain limits (30% to 200%) of the original value. A sufficiently high incident laser fluence can thus prevent the local fluence from dropping below the LII threshold value of approximately 0.3 J/cm2 at the cost of increased soot surface vaporization. A spatial resolution in the dimension of the sheet thickness of below 1 mm cannot be guaranteed at increased pressure of 9 bars due to beam steering. A feasibility study in a combustor at technical conditions demonstrates the influence of both effects beam steering and choice of calibration wavelength and led to the conclusion that, however, a shot-to-shot calibration of LII with simultaneously measured extinction can be realized.

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