Sample Handling and Pretreatment Using Flow Injection Analysis

Abstract Flow injection analysis (FIA) has been demonstrated to be an ideal tool for the handling and pretreatment of samples prior to their analysis. Sample handling may be as simple as the use of FIA for the introduction of the sample into a detector or as complicated as extraction of an analyte followed by back extraction prior to reaction and detection. In this survey, it is shown that FIA can encompass a large diversity of sample handling and pretreatment techniques. By employing FIA methods, one is able to significantly increase the sample throughput and, in many cases, increase the overall precision compared with batch style sampling, pretreatment, and analysis schemes. FIA sample handling and pretreatment techniques reviewed here include injection, dilution, membrane techniques, solvent extraction, and sorbent extraction/preconcentration.

[1]  T. Anfält,et al.  Determination of oxidized ketone bodies in milk by flow injection analysis , 1983 .

[2]  Gary D. Christian,et al.  Split zone flow-injection analysis: an approach to automated dilutions , 1989 .

[3]  J. Toei.  An Improved Zone Sampling Method for Flow Injection Analysis , 1988 .

[4]  Elo Harald Hansen,et al.  Combination of flow injection analysis with flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry: determination of trace amounts of heavy metals in polluted seawater , 1983 .

[5]  H. Poppe,et al.  Some theoretical aspects of flow injection analysis , 1980 .

[6]  Erno Pungor,et al.  Theoretical Backgrounds of Flow Analysis , 1987 .

[7]  L. Danielsson,et al.  Dispersion in phase separators for flow-injection extraction systems , 1986 .

[8]  I. Koshiishi,et al.  DETERMINATION OF SILICATE BY FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS COUPLED WITH SUPPRESSION COLUMN AND SOLVENT EXTRACTION SYSTEM , 1984 .

[9]  G. Audunsson.  Determination of low parts per billion levels of amines in urine by liquid membrane sample cleanup directly coupled to a gas-liquid chromatograph. , 1988, Analytical chemistry.

[10]  G. Christian,et al.  Cascade system for rapid on-line dilutions in flow-injection analysis. , 1989, Talanta.

[11]  Elo Harald Hansen,et al.  Flow injection analysis : Part X. theory, techniques and trends , 1978 .

[12]  A. Cox,et al.  Preconcentration and determination of trace chromium(III) by flow injection/inductively-coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry , 1986 .

[13]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  Flow injection analyses , 1975 .

[14]  Elo Harald Hansen,et al.  Recent developments in flow injection analysis: gradient techniques and hydrodynamic injection , 1983 .

[15]  B. Reis,et al.  A new device for improving sensitivity and stabilization in flow-injection analysis , 1978 .

[16]  Á. Ríos,et al.  Analysis of gaseous samples by flow injection , 1989 .

[17]  F. Krug,et al.  Merging zones in flow injection analysis , 1978 .

[18]  M. Valcárcel,et al.  Indirect atomic absorption spectrometric determination of perchlorate by liquid-liquid extraction in a flow-injection system , 1985 .

[19]  B. Bernhardsson,et al.  Solute transfer in on-line analytical flow-through dialyzers , 1985 .

[20]  C. Lucy,et al.  Kinetics of solvent extraction-flow injection analysis , 1989 .

[21]  G. Johansson,et al.  On-line trace metal enrichment and matrix isolation in atomic absorption spectrometry by a column containing immobilized 8-quinolinol in a flow-injection system , 1984 .

[22]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  Gradient techniques in flow injection analysis , 1982 .

[23]  F. Cantwell,et al.  Sample Introduction by Solvent Extraction/Flow Injection To Eliminate Interferences in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy , 1985 .

[24]  L. Danielsson,et al.  Design and evaluation of a new phase separator for liquid-liquid extraction in flow systems , 1985 .

[25]  H. Mottola,et al.  Performance studies under flow conditions of silica-immobilized 8-quinolinol and its application as a preconcentration tool in flow injection/atomic absorption determinations , 1985 .

[26]  G. Christian,et al.  Enzymatic determination of urea in water and serum by optosensing flow injection analysis. , 1986, The Analyst.

[27]  T. Imasaka,et al.  Fluorimetric determination of gallium with lumogallion by flow injection analysis based on solvent extraction , 1981 .

[28]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  Flow-injection analysis of traces of lead and cadmium by solvent extraction with dithizone. , 1980, Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry.

[29]  F. Krug,et al.  Zone-sampling processes in flow injection analysis , 1981 .

[30]  Miguel Valcárcel Cases,et al.  Flow-injection analysis : principles and applications , 1987 .

[31]  G. Christian,et al.  Sensitivity enhancements for flow injection analysis-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using an on-line preconcentrating ion-exchange column , 1985 .

[32]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  Flow injection analysis : Part III. Comparison of continuous flow spectrophotometry and potentiometry for the rapid determination of the total nitrogen content in plant digests , 1976 .

[33]  M. Giné,et al.  A simple procedure for hydrodynamic injection in flow injection analysis applied to the atomic absorption spectrometry of chromium in steels , 1986 .

[34]  Á. Ríos,et al.  Liquid-liquid extraction in continuous flow systems without phase separation , 1988 .

[35]  P. Dasgupta,et al.  Sorbent isolation and elution with an immiscible eluent in flow injection analysis , 1989 .

[36]  M. Gisin,et al.  Extensive flow-injection dilution for in-line sample pretreatment , 1988 .

[37]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  Flow injection analysis : Part V. Simultaneous determination of nitrogen and phosphorus in acid digests of plant material with a single spectrophotometer , 1976 .

[38]  B. Rietz,et al.  Flow injection analysis: Part VIII. Determination of glucose in blood serum with glucose dehydrogenase , 1977 .

[39]  K. Stewart,et al.  Exponential dilution chambers for scale expansion in flow injection analysis , 1982 .

[40]  James S. Fritz,et al.  Separation of trace metal complexes for analysis of samples of high salt content by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , 1989 .

[41]  Jacobus F. van Staden,et al.  Flow-Injection Analysis of Chloride in Milk with a Dialyzer and a Coated Tubular Inorganic Chloride-Selective Electrode , 1986 .

[42]  B. Karlberg,et al.  Extraction based on the flow-injection principle : Part I. Description of the Extraction System , 1978 .

[43]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  Flow injection analysis : Part VI. The determination of phosphate and chloride in blood serum by dialysis and sample dilution , 1976 .

[44]  G. Johansson,et al.  Preconcentration and matrix isolation of heavy metals through a two-stage solvent extraction in a flow system , 1984 .

[45]  B. Reis,et al.  Ion exchange in flow injection analysis: Determination of Ammonium Ions at the μg 1-1 level in Natural Waters with Pulsed Nessler Reagent , 1980 .

[46]  B. Karlberg,et al.  Sample preconcentration by continuous flow extraction with a flow injection atomic absorption detection system , 1983 .

[47]  G. Christian,et al.  Continuous solvent extraction in a closed-loop system , 1987 .

[48]  I. Warner,et al.  Multiple Solvent Extraction System with Flow Injection Technology. , 1982 .

[49]  J Morgon,et al.  Controlled dispersion analysis: flow-injection analysis without injection. , 1983, Clinical chemistry.

[50]  Fang Zhao-lun,et al.  On-line separation and preconcentration in flow injection analysis , 1988 .

[51]  B. Karlberg,et al.  An unsegmented extraction system for flow injection analysis , 1986 .

[52]  P. Fielden,et al.  Flow injection analysis , 1975 .

[53]  Miguel Valcárcel,et al.  Sequential atomic absorption spectrometric determination of nitrate and nitrite in meats by liquid-liquid extraction in a flow-injection system , 1986 .

[54]  F. Krug,et al.  Commutation in flow injection analysis , 1986 .

[55]  O. Levenspiel.  Chemical Reaction Engineering , 1972 .

[56]  B. Fields,et al.  Kinetic treatment of unsegmented flow systems : Part 1. Subjective and semiquantitative evaluations of flow-injection systems with gradient chamber , 1981 .

[57]  P. Dasgupta,et al.  Application of a nested loop system for the flow injection analysis of trace aqueous peroxides , 1985 .

[58]  F. Krug,et al.  Merging zones in flow injection analysis: Part 6. determination of calcium in natural waters, soil and plant materials with glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil) , 1981 .

[59]  E H Hansen,et al.  Flow injection analysis: Part VII. Use of ion-selective electrodes for rapid analysis of soil extracts and blood serum. Determination of potassium, sodium and nitrate , 1977 .

[60]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  Optosensing at active surfaces — a new detection principle in flow injection analysis , 1985 .

[61]  M. Gisin,et al.  Hydrodynamically limited precision of gradient techniques in flow injection analysis , 1986 .

[62]  J. Kawase.  Automated determination of cationic surfactants by flow injection analysis based on ion-pair extraction , 1980 .

[63]  J. Ruzicka,et al.  Flow injection analysis : Part IV. Stream sample splitting and its application to the continuous spectrophotometric determination of chloride in brackish waters , 1976 .

[64]  B. Fields,et al.  Kinetic treatment of unsegmented flow systems : Part 2. Detailed Treatment of Flow-Injection Systems with Gradient Chamber , 1981 .

[65]  L. Nord,et al.  Flow-injection extraction and gas-chromatographic determination of terodiline in blood serum , 1985 .

[66]  F. Cantwell,et al.  Use of peak height for quantification in solvent extraction/flow injection analysis , 1985 .

[67]  F. Krug,et al.  Rapid determination of sulphate in natural waters and plant digests by continuous flow injection turbidimetry , 1977 .

[68]  B. Reis,et al.  Solvent extraction in continuous flow injection analysis , 1978 .

[69]  B F Rocks,et al.  Controlled-dispersion flow analysis in clinical chemistry: determination of albumin, triglycerides and theophylline. , 1984, The Analyst.

[70]  B. Karlberg,et al.  Extraction based on the flow-injection principle: Part 4. Determination of Extraction Constants , 1980 .

[71]  G. Christian,et al.  Serum lithium analysis by coated wire lithium ion selective electrodes in a flow injection analysis dialysis system. , 1986, Analytical chemistry.

[72]  W. V. D. Linden,et al.  MEMBRANE SEPARATION IN FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS Gas Diffusion , 1983 .

[73]  S. Jørgensen,et al.  A simple multifunctional valve for flow injection analysis , 1985 .

[74]  A. Arndal,et al.  Sorbent extraction in flow injection analysis and its application to enhancement of atomic spectrometry , 1989 .

[75]  J. Kawase,et al.  Determination of anionic surfactants by flow injection analysis based on ion-pair extraction , 1979 .

[76]  B. Kowalski,et al.  Applications of a versatile injection valve for flow injection analysis , 1987 .

[77]  J. Toei.  Multifunction valve for flow injection analysis , 1987 .

[78]  A. Kettrup,et al.  Trace analysis of selected benzidine and diaminodiphenylmethane derivates in urine by means of liquid chromatography using precolumn sample preconcentration, UV and electrochemical detection , 1986 .

[79]  H. Pardue,et al.  Kinetic treatment of unsegmented flow systems : Part 3. Flow-injection system with gradient chamber evaluated with a linearly responding detector , 1986 .

[80]  G. Johansson,et al.  On-line dialysis of some metal ions and metal complexes , 1985 .

[81]  Ernő Pungor,et al.  Application of silicone rubber-based graphite electrodes for continuous flow measurements : Part II. Voltammetric study of active substances injected into electrolyte streams , 1970 .