Overview of Ebola virus disease in 2014

Abstract In late December 2013, a deadly infectious epidemic, Ebola virus disease (EVD), emerged from West Africa and resulted in a formidable outbreak in areas including Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. EVD is a zoonotic disease with a high mortality rate. Person‐to‐person transmission occurs through blood or body fluid exposure, which can jeopardize first‐line healthcare workers if there is a lack of stringent infection control or no proper personal protective equipment available. Currently, there is no standard treatment for EVD. To promptly identify patients and prevent further spreading, physicians should be aware of travel or contact history for patients with constitutional symptoms.

[1]  Heinz Feldmann,et al.  Filoviridae: Marburg and ebola viruses , 2013 .

[2]  H. Feldmann,et al.  Ebola haemorrhagic fever , 2011, The Lancet.

[3]  J. McCormick,et al.  Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread. , 1983, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[4]  Ali S Khan,et al.  A novel immunohistochemical assay for the detection of Ebola virus in skin: implications for diagnosis, spread, and surveillance of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[5]  R. Colebunders,et al.  Treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever with blood transfusions from convalescent patients. International Scientific and Technical Committee. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[6]  C. Dolea,et al.  World Health Organization , 1949, International Organization.

[7]  Jens H. Kuhn,et al.  Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations , 2010, Archives of Virology.

[8]  M. Georges-Courbot,et al.  Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[9]  Christopher Dye,et al.  Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[10]  M. E. Miranda,et al.  Reston ebolavirus in humans and animals in the Philippines: a review. , 2011, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[11]  S. Dowell,et al.  Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. , 2007, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[12]  G. Neild,et al.  Ultrastructural pathology of experimental ebola haemorrhagic fever virus infection , 1985, Journal of Pathology.

[13]  P. Jahrling,et al.  Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA , 1990, The Lancet.

[14]  Joshua C. Johnson,et al.  Therapeutic Intervention of Ebola Virus Infection in Rhesus Macaques with the MB-003 Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail , 2013, Science Translational Medicine.

[15]  J. McCormick,et al.  Physicochemical inactivation of Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg viruses and effect on clinical laboratory analyses , 1984, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[16]  A. Sanchez,et al.  The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[17]  W. Ian Lipkin,et al.  Newly Discovered Ebola Virus Associated with Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Uganda , 2008, PLoS pathogens.

[18]  H. Feldmann,et al.  Marburg and Ebola viruses. , 1996, Advances in virus research.

[19]  P. Rollin,et al.  Genomic analysis of filoviruses associated with four viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2012. , 2013, Virology.

[20]  Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. , 1978, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[21]  E. Ryabchikova,et al.  An analysis of features of pathogenesis in two animal models of Ebola virus infection. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[22]  C. Boesch,et al.  Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virus , 1995, The Lancet.

[23]  P. Jahrling,et al.  Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection. , 2003, The American journal of pathology.

[24]  Heinz Feldmann,et al.  The ecology of Ebola virus. , 2007, Trends in microbiology.

[25]  S. R. Pattyn,et al.  Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever , 1978 .

[26]  Stephan Günther,et al.  Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  A. Payer,et al.  University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. , 2000, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[28]  S. Hazar,et al.  Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. , 2000 .

[29]  S. Pattyn,et al.  Approaches towards studies on potential reservoirs of viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan , 1978 .

[30]  Ghislain Moussavou,et al.  The natural history of Ebola virus in Africa. , 2005, Microbes and infection.

[31]  J. Breman,et al.  Ebola then and now. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[32]  G. Lloyd,et al.  A case of Ebola virus infection. , 1977, British medical journal.

[33]  Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976 , 2008 .

[34]  J. Huggins.  Prospects for treatment of viral hemorrhagic fevers with ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. , 1989, Reviews of infectious diseases.