Self-Powered Forward Error-Correcting Biosensor Based on Integration of Paper-Based Microfluidics and Self-Assembled Quick Response Codes

This paper extends our previous work on silver-enhancement based self-assembling structures for designing reliable, self-powered biosensors with forward error correcting (FEC) capability. At the core of the proposed approach is the integration of paper-based microfluidics with quick response (QR) codes that can be optically scanned using a smart-phone. The scanned information is first decoded to obtain the location of a web-server which further processes the self-assembled QR image to determine the concentration of target analytes. The integration substrate for the proposed FEC biosensor is polyethylene and the patterning of the QR code on the substrate has been achieved using a combination of low-cost ink-jet printing and a regular ballpoint dispensing pen. A paper-based microfluidics channel has been integrated underneath the substrate for acquiring, mixing and flowing the sample to areas on the substrate where different parts of the code can self-assemble in presence of immobilized gold nanorods. In this paper we demonstrate the proof-of-concept detection using prototypes of QR encoded FEC biosensors.

[1]  Wook Park,et al.  Lithographically Encoded Polymer Microtaggant Using High‐Capacity and Error‐Correctable QR Code for Anti‐Counterfeiting of Drugs , 2012, Advanced materials.

[2]  E. Alocilja,et al.  Biomolecules Detection Using a Silver-Enhanced Gold Nanoparticle-Based Biochip , 2010, Nanoscale research letters.

[3]  Xiaohua Huang,et al.  Gold Nanorods: From Synthesis and Properties to Biological and Biomedical Applications , 2009, Advanced materials.

[4]  Gabriele Anderst-Kotsis,et al.  International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia , 2009, Multimedia Systems.

[5]  Ming-Syan Chen,et al.  A General Scheme for Extracting QR Code from a Non-uniform Background in Camera Phones and Applications , 2007, ISM 2007.

[6]  Shantanu Chakrabartty,et al.  A Novel Biosensor Based on Silver-Enhanced Self-Assembled Radio-Frequency Antennas , 2014, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[7]  Sang Hyun Park,et al.  Bioplasmonic calligraphy for multiplexed label-free biodetection. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[8]  Kwang Suk Park,et al.  Validation of heart rate extraction using video imaging on a built-in camera system of a smartphone , 2012, 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[9]  Edgar R. Weippl,et al.  QR code security , 2010, MoMM.

[10]  Yang Liu,et al.  Factor Graph-Based Biomolecular Circuit Analysis for Designing Forward Error Correcting Biosensors , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[11]  Mehmet Turan,et al.  Immunochromatographic Diagnostic Test Analysis Using Google Glass , 2014, ACS nano.

[12]  E. Alocilja,et al.  Co-detection: ultra-reliable nanoparticle-based electrical detection of biomolecules in the presence of large background interference. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[13]  Shantanu Chakrabartty,et al.  On the Channel Capacity of High-Throughput Proteomic Microarrays , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological and Multi-Scale Communications.

[14]  Charles S. Henry,et al.  Low cost, simple three dimensional electrochemical paper-based analytical device for determination of p-nitrophenol , 2014 .

[15]  Wei Shen,et al.  Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors , 2010 .

[16]  Shantanu Chakrabartty,et al.  Self-powered wireless biosensing based on integration of paper-based microfluidics with self-assembling RFID antennas , 2015, 2015 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS).

[17]  D. Flandre,et al.  Comparison of DNA detection methods using nanoparticles and silver enhancement. , 2005, IEE proceedings. Nanobiotechnology.

[18]  Shantanu Chakrabartty,et al.  Self-Powered Wireless Affinity-Based Biosensor Based on Integration of Paper-Based Microfluidics and Self-Assembled RFID Antennas , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[19]  M. Zharnikov,et al.  Hydrogel nanomembranes as templates for patterned deposition of nanoparticles on arbitrary substrates. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[20]  M. El-Sayed,et al.  Rapid and Efficient Prediction of Optical Extinction Coefficients for Gold Nanospheres and Gold Nanorods , 2013 .

[21]  Mark A. Atwater,et al.  Extinction coefficient of gold nanoparticles with different sizes and different capping ligands. , 2007, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[22]  Daniel A. Fletcher,et al.  Quantitative Imaging with a Mobile Phone Microscope , 2014, PloS one.

[23]  Hojung Cha,et al.  Unsupervised Construction of an Indoor Floor Plan Using a Smartphone , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews).

[24]  Shantanu Chakrabartty,et al.  Wireless Biosensing Using Silver-Enhancement Based Self-Assembled Antennas in Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags , 2015, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[25]  Paul M. Pellegrino,et al.  Multiplexed charge-selective surface enhanced Raman scattering based on plasmonic calligraphy , 2014 .

[26]  Ming Gu,et al.  An adaptive analog low-density parity-check decoder based on margin propagation , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[27]  Stephen B. Wicker,et al.  Reed-Solomon Codes and Their Applications , 1999 .

[28]  E. Pasero,et al.  Environment sensing using smartphone , 2012, 2012 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium Proceedings.

[29]  Changhuei Yang,et al.  A smartphone-based chip-scale microscope using ambient illumination. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[30]  Caixing Liu,et al.  The QR-code reorganization in illegible snapshots taken by mobile phones , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA 2007).

[31]  Martina Mueller,et al.  Development and Validation of a Smartphone Heart Rate Acquisition Application for Health Promotion and Wellness Telehealth Applications , 2012, International journal of telemedicine and applications.

[32]  Anand Gole,et al.  Azide-derivatized gold nanorods: functional materials for "click" chemistry. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[33]  Thomas C. Tisone,et al.  Manufacturing the Next Generation of Highly Sensitive and Reproducible Lateral Flow Immunoassay , 2009 .

[34]  Scott T. Phillips,et al.  "Fluidic batteries" as low-cost sources of power in paper-based microfluidic devices. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[35]  Peggy B. Nelson,et al.  Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 2001 .

[36]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Array-Based Electrical Detection of DNA with Nanoparticle Probes , 2002, Science.

[37]  Shantanu Chakrabartty,et al.  Sensing by growing antennas: A novel approach for designing passive RFID based biosensors , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).