Abstract During most of human history renewable energy has been the only energy option available. Only during the last few centuries has fossil and lately nuclear energy sources been used in a non-renewable way. They took over because they seemed much cheaper than the renewable sources. However, environmental problems of a local as well as a global magnitude are becoming evident, and questions are now being raised: are the fossil and nuclear choices indeed the cheapest; could a full account of indirect costs be attempted? In any case, the renewable options have only been developed in some areas of the world, and the reasons for their successes and failures has to be discussed.
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