Seasonal changes in leaf nutrient concentration of male and female hardy kiwifruit grown in Oregon

Leaf nutrient concentration of hardy kiwifruit [Actinidia arguta var. arguta (Siebold and Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq.] was evaluated throughout two growing seasons (2008–2009) for determinate and indeterminate shoots of female (‘Ananasnaya’) and male vines. While research has been conducted on the more commonly grown fuzzy kiwifruit (A. chinensis var. deliciosa C.F.Liang & A.R.Ferguson), little is known about the nutrient requirements, leaf tissue sufficiency levels, or optimum time and method of leaf sampling in hardy kiwifruit. The objectives of this study were to determine whether leaf sampling should be conducted based on phenology or calendar date, and to identify best practices for sampling. Leaves were sampled from determinate and indeterminate shoot types separately from male and female vines every 2 weeks from mid-May to late October, starting when flower buds reached 6 mm in diameter and finishing after fruit harvest. Leaf nutrient concentration varied by year, plant gender, and shoot type for many nutrients and sampling dates. Key plant developmental stages were 2 weeks earlier in 2009 than 2008 despite fewer cumulative growing degree days (GDD) at each phenological stage in 2009, except at harvest when there were more GDD in 2009. Patterns of change in nutrient concentration were similar between years, and did not always match the 2-week shift in phenology. Female vines had higher concentrations of N, K, S, Cu, and Zn early in the season, but were similar to males later in the season. For other nutrients, including P, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Mn, females had consistently higher leaf concentrations across the whole season. Shoot type affected the concentration of many nutrients in both female and male vines for many sampling dates, but generally followed the same pattern of change through the season. The currently recommended leaf sampling time for kiwifruit vines in the northern hemisphere is August. While there were phenological differences between years, calendar-based sampling in midto late-August provided a better window of relative stability for most nutrients than phenology-based sampling for female vines. When compared to existing available standards for fuzzy kiwifruit, the hardy kiwifruit in this study often fell outside of the recommended ranges and, for B, into the excessive range, suggesting revisions to nutrient standards for hardy kiwifruit in Oregon may be appropriate. Significance of this study

[1]  G. Kumar,et al.  Kiwifruit , 2020, Temperate Fruits.

[2]  M. Sharma,et al.  Rootstock and cultivar effect on seasonal nutrient variations in apple trees. , 2018 .

[3]  B. Strik,et al.  Seasonal Variation in Mineral Nutrient Concentration of Primocane and Floricane Leaves in Trailing, Erect, and Semierect Blackberry Cultivars , 2017 .

[4]  B. Strik,et al.  Seasonal Variation in Leaf Nutrient Concentration of Northern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars Grown in Conventional and Organic Production Systems , 2015 .

[5]  F. Debersaques,et al.  Seasonal Patterns of Leaf Mineral Content of Kiwiberry Cultivars , 2015 .

[6]  P. Latocha,et al.  Varietal Differences in the Mineral Composition of Kiwiberry - Actinidia arguta (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch. ex. Miq , 2015 .

[7]  B. Strik.  Seasonal Variation in Mineral Nutrient Content of Primocane-fruiting Blackberry Leaves , 2015 .

[8]  J. Fernandez-Salvador.  Response of Blackberry Cultivars to Fertilizer Source in an Organic Fresh Market Production System , 2014 .

[9]  R. Isaacs,et al.  Predicting Flower Phenology and Viability of Highbush Blueberry , 2012 .

[10]  D. Horneck,et al.  Soil test interpretation guide , 2011 .

[11]  J. Davenport,et al.  Seasonal uptake and partitioning of macronutrients in mature 'concord' grape. , 2010 .

[12]  S. Ruiz,et al.  Boron dynamics related to fruit growth and seed production in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa, cv. Hayward). , 2010 .

[13]  T. Dejong,et al.  Using Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Predict Peach and Nectarine Harvest Date , 2008 .

[14]  B. Strik,et al.  Nutrient management for blueberries in Oregon , 2006 .

[15]  A. R. Dechen,et al.  Seasonality of nutrients in leaves and fruits of apple trees , 2006 .

[16]  K. Hummer,et al.  'Ananasnaya' Hardy Kiwifruit , 2006 .

[17]  Donald Arthur Horneck,et al.  SOIL, PLANT AND WATER REFERENCE METHODS FOR THE WESTERN REGION 1 , 2005 .

[18]  B. Strik,et al.  Influence of time of overhead shading on yield, fruit quality, and subsequent flowering of hardy kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta , 2004 .

[19]  G. Celano,et al.  Water relations, calcium and potassium concentration in fruits and leaves during annual growth in mature kiwifruit plants. , 2001 .

[20]  R. Snyder,et al.  Determining degree-day thresholds from field observations , 1999 .

[21]  D. Huett,et al.  Diagnostic leaf nutrient standards for low-chill peaches in subtropical Australia , 1997 .

[22]  A. Hall,et al.  Using early‐season measurements to estimate fruit volume at harvest in kiwifruit , 1996 .

[23]  E. Manolakis,et al.  DETERMINATION OF DESIRABLE NUTRIENT LEAF LEVELS FOR KIWIFRUIT IN GREECE , 1995 .

[24]  O. Failla,et al.  Application of leaf analysis on kiwifruit orchards in northern Italy. , 1990 .

[25]  I. Warrington,et al.  Kiwifruit : science and management , 1990 .

[26]  G. Cresswell.  Development of a leaf sampling technique and leaf standards for kiwifruit in New South Wales , 1989 .

[27]  C. J. Clark,et al.  Seasonal accumulation of mineral nutrients by kiwifruit 2. Fruit , 1988 .

[28]  G. D. Walker,et al.  THE FORM, DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL ACCUMULATION OF CALCIUM IN KIWIFRUIT LEAVES. , 1987, The New phytologist.

[29]  J. Beutel.  Kiwifruit Production in California , 1982 .

[30]  I. Ferguson.  Movement of mineral nutrients into the developing fruit of the kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch) , 1980 .

[31]  P. Christensen.  Seasonal Changes and Distribution of Nutritional Elements in Thompson Seedless Grapevines , 1969 .