Nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems.

The last decade has seen a dramatic shift in the focus of nitrogen cycling research in forest ecosystems. Concerns over nitrogen deficiencies and effects of removal in harvest have given way to concerns over excess nitrogen availability and the potential for forest decline and surface water pollution. Driving this paradigm shift is the increase in atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to forests due to industrial and agricultural activity. At the core of the new paradigm is the concept of 'nitrogen saturation' of forest ecosystems. The purpose of this review is to synthesize recent advances in research relating to nitrogen deposition effects on temperate zone forest ecosystems, and the further effects of nitrogen saturation on environmental quality.

[1]  M. Firestone,et al.  Microbial Production and Consumpution of Nitrate in an Annual Grassland , 1990 .

[2]  J. O. Reuss,et al.  Acid Deposition and the Acidification of Soils and Waters , 1986, Ecological Studies.

[3]  E. Schulze,et al.  Air Pollution and Forest Decline in a Spruce (Picea abies) Forest , 1989, Science.

[4]  R. Qualls,et al.  Fluxes of Dissolved Organic Nutrients and Humic Substances in a Deciduous Forest , 1991 .

[5]  C. Driscoll,et al.  Longitudinal and temporal trends in the water chemistry of the North Branch of the Moose River , 1987 .

[6]  S. E. Lindberg,et al.  Nutrient Cycling in Red Spruce Forests of the Great Smoky Mountains , 1991 .

[7]  W. Bouten,et al.  Nitrous oxide dynamics in an oak-beech forest ecosystem in the Netherlands , 1991 .

[8]  G. Campbell,et al.  A Model of Competition for Ammonium Among Heterotrophs, Nitrifiers, and Roots1 , 1986 .

[9]  E. Paul,et al.  Soil microbiology and biochemistry. , 1998 .

[10]  P. A. Burrough,et al.  Soil acidification from atmospheric ammonium sulphate in forest canopy throughfall , 1982, Nature.

[11]  R. J. Raison,et al.  Effects of water availability and fertilization on nitrogen cycling in a stand of Pinus radiata , 1990 .

[12]  P. Gundersen.  Nitrogen deposition and the forest nitrogen cycle: role of denitrification , 1991 .

[13]  J. Roelofs,et al.  Effects of excessive ammonium deposition on the nutritional status and condition of pine needles , 1988 .

[14]  B. Nihlgaard,et al.  The ammonium hypothesis - an additional explanation to the forest dieback in Europe , 1985 .

[15]  J. Aber,et al.  Effects of nitrogen additions on annual nitrous oxide fluxes from temperate forest soils in the northeastern United States , 1991 .

[16]  S. Nilsson,et al.  Experimental work related to nitrogen deposition, nitrification and soil acidification--a case study. , 1988, Environmental pollution.

[17]  H. V. Dijk,et al.  Ecosystem effects of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in The Netherlands. , 1988 .

[18]  G. Ågren,et al.  Nitrogen saturation of terrestrial ecosystems. , 1988, Environmental pollution.

[19]  J. Aber,et al.  Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems , 1989 .

[20]  A. J. Friedland,et al.  Winter desiccation and injury of subalpine red spruce. , 1991, Tree physiology.

[21]  D. Brown.  Effect of atmospheric N deposition on surface water chemistry and the implications for fisheries. , 1988, Environmental pollution.

[22]  John Pastor,et al.  Factors Controlling Nitrogen Cycling and Nitrogen Saturation in Northern Temperate Forest Ecosystems. , 1991, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[23]  M. Firestone,et al.  Nitrogen Incorporation and Flow Through a Coniferous Forest Soil Profile , 1989 .

[24]  A. J. Friedland,et al.  Winter damage to foliage as a factor in red spruce decline , 1984 .

[25]  M. Firestone,et al.  Inorganic N incorporation by coniferous forest floor material , 1989 .

[26]  G. Kenk,et al.  Evidence from nitrogen fertilisation in the forests of Germany. , 1988, Environmental pollution.

[27]  W. McDowell,et al.  Origin, Composition, and Flux of Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Hubbard Brook Valley , 1988 .

[28]  H. Miegroet,et al.  Acidification Sources in Red Alder and Douglas Fir Soils‐Importance of Nitrification , 1985 .

[29]  J. Aber,et al.  Influence of nitrogen fertilization on methane uptake in temperate forest soils , 1989, Nature.

[30]  J. Verstraten,et al.  Nitrogen cycling in an acid forest ecosystem in the Netherlands under increased atmospheric nitrogen input , 1991 .

[31]  J. Aber,et al.  Spatial changes in forest floor and foliar chemistry of spruce-fir forests across New England , 1991 .

[32]  J. Aber,et al.  Nitrogen cycling in high elevation forests of the northeastern US in relation to nitrogen deposition. , 1990 .

[33]  E. J. Wilson,et al.  Excess nitrogen deposition: issues for consideration. , 1988, Environmental pollution.