Conducting polymers and their biomedical applications

Abstract Conducting polymers have been widely utilised in biomedical applications due to their conductivity, compatibility and low-cost processability. In addition, compared with traditional metal or semiconductor materials, conducting polymers are more biocompatible. These advantages make conducting polymers more attractive to bioengineering researchers. The mechanism of electrical conductivity of conducting polymers is based on the transmission of polarons and bipolarons. The synthesis of conducting polymers can be accomplished by electrochemical polymerisation, which is more straightforward than traditional chemical synthesis. In this chapter, several applications of conducting polymers in biomedical engineering are illustrated with examples. The applications include biosensors, neural electrodes, drug delivery and bioactuators.

[1]  Bernhard Wessling,et al.  New Insight into Organic Metal Polyaniline Morphology and Structure , 2010 .

[2]  S. Shabalovskaya,et al.  Physicochemical and biological aspects of Nitinol as a biomaterial , 2001 .

[3]  María Teresa Cortés,et al.  Artificial Muscles with Tactile Sensitivity , 2003 .

[4]  Asha Chaubey,et al.  Application of conducting polymers to biosensors. , 2002, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[5]  T. Desai,et al.  Bioadhesive microdevices with multiple reservoirs: a new platform for oral drug delivery. , 2002, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[6]  Tsuneo Hagiwara,et al.  Memory effect of electrical conductivity upon the counteranion exchange of polypyrrole films , 1992 .

[7]  G. Bidan,et al.  Spectroelectrochemical study of polypyrrole films , 1983 .

[8]  M. Jaymand,et al.  Chemical modification of polyaniline by N-grafting of polystyrenic chains synthesized via nitroxide-mediated polymerization , 2012 .

[9]  R. Greene,et al.  Superconductivity in Polysulfur Nitride ( SN ) X , 1975 .

[10]  Paul M. George,et al.  Electrically Controlled Drug Delivery from Biotin‐Doped Conductive Polypyrrole , 2006 .

[11]  J. C. Scott,et al.  History of Conductive Polymers , 2010 .

[12]  G. Tourillon,et al.  Effect of dopant on the physicochemical and electrical properties of organic conducting polymers , 1983 .

[13]  B. Scharifker,et al.  The growth of polypyrrole films on electrodes , 1991 .

[14]  E. Smela.  Conjugated Polymer Actuators for Biomedical Applications , 2003 .

[15]  Robert Langer,et al.  Multi-pulse drug delivery from a resorbable polymeric microchip device , 2003, Nature materials.

[16]  A. Epstein.  Conducting Polymers: Electrical Conductivity , 2007 .

[17]  J. Reynolds,et al.  Electrochemistry of Poly(3,4‐alkylenedioxythiophene) Derivatives , 2003 .

[18]  Nigel H Lovell,et al.  Conductive hydrogels: mechanically robust hybrids for use as biomaterials. , 2012, Macromolecular bioscience.

[19]  K. Loh,et al.  Electrochemical impedance sensing of DNA hybridization on conducting polymer film-modified diamond. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[20]  Daryl R. Kipke,et al.  Conducting-polymer nanotubes improve electrical properties, mechanical adhesion, neural attachment, and neurite outgrowth of neural electrodes. , 2010, Small.

[21]  J. Lee,et al.  PROGRESS IN PREPARATION, PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS OF POLYANILINE , 2009 .

[22]  G. Wallace,et al.  Conducting polymers for neural interfaces: challenges in developing an effective long-term implant. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[23]  Elisabeth Smela,et al.  Electrochemically driven polypyrrole bilayers for moving and positioning bulk micromachined silicon plates , 1999 .

[24]  J. Reynolds,et al.  Electrochemically initiated chain polymerization of pyrrole in aqueous media , 1992 .

[25]  Stuart I. Yaniger,et al.  “Polyaniline”: Interconversion of Metallic and Insulating Forms , 1985 .

[26]  H. Sirringhaus.  An equal-opportunity conductor , 2003, Nature Materials.

[27]  Steen B. Schougaard,et al.  Conducting‐Polymer/Iron‐Redox‐ Couple Composite Cathodes for Lithium Secondary Batteries , 2007 .

[28]  Philippe Schottland,et al.  The mechanisms of pyrrole electropolymerization , 2000 .

[29]  Hydrogel‐Mediated Direct Patterning of Conducting Polymer Films with Multiple Surface Chemistries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[30]  O. Efimov,et al.  POLYPYRROLE : A CONDUCTING POLYMER; ITS SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS , 1997 .

[31]  R. Shi,et al.  A mesoporous silica nanosphere-based drug delivery system using an electrically conducting polymer , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[32]  Julian W. Gardner,et al.  Application of conducting polymer technology in microsystems , 1995 .

[33]  R. Könenkamp,et al.  Ultraviolet electroluminescence from ZnO/polymer heterojunction light-emitting diodes. , 2005, Nano letters.

[34]  K. Kanazawa,et al.  Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole , 1979 .

[35]  R Langer,et al.  New methods of drug delivery. , 1990, Science.

[36]  N H Lovell,et al.  Performance of conducting polymer electrodes for stimulating neuroprosthetics , 2013, Journal of neural engineering.

[37]  Danilo De Rossi,et al.  Conductive-polymer-based structures for a steerable catheter , 2000, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[38]  A. Vadivel Murugan,et al.  Electrochemically synthesised conducting polymeric materials for applications towards technology in electronics, optoelectronics and energy storage devices , 1999 .

[39]  Wu-Song Huang,et al.  Polyaniline, a novel conducting polymer. Morphology and chemistry of its oxidation and reduction in aqueous electrolytes , 1986 .

[40]  J. Hetke,et al.  Surface modification of neural recording electrodes with conducting polymer/biomolecule blends. , 2001, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[41]  Xinyan Tracy Cui,et al.  Electrochemically controlled release of dexamethasone from conducting polymer polypyrrole coated electrode. , 2006, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[42]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Electrical and optical properties of polythiophene prepared by electrochemical polymerization , 1983 .

[43]  Ingemar Lundström,et al.  The Cell Clinic: Closable Microvials for Single Cell Studies , 2002 .

[44]  A. Syed,et al.  Review: Polyaniline-A novel polymeric material. , 1991, Talanta.

[45]  J. Yano,et al.  Basic Behaviors and Properties of the Electrodeposited Polyaniline , 1984 .

[46]  G. Kossmehl,et al.  Electrical conductivity of poly(2,5-thiophenediyl)-AsF5-complexes , 1981 .

[47]  G. Inzelt.  Chemical and Electrochemical Syntheses of Conducting Polymers , 2012 .

[48]  David C. Martin,et al.  Polymerization of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) around living neural cells. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[49]  L. Poole-Warren,et al.  Improving Cochlear Implant Properties Through Conductive Hydrogel Coatings , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.

[50]  A. Syed,et al.  Electrochemical Study Of Polyaniline In Aqueous And Organic Medium. Redox And Kinetic Properties. , 1985 .

[51]  Kenneth W. Horch,et al.  Neuroprosthetics theory and practice , 2004 .

[52]  L. Poole-Warren,et al.  Mediating conducting polymer growth within hydrogels by controlling nucleation , 2015 .

[53]  A. Malinauskas,et al.  Chemical deposition of conducting polymers , 2001 .

[54]  K. Kanazawa,et al.  Polypyrrole: An Electrochemical Approach to Conducting Polymers , 1983 .

[55]  M. C. Rezende,et al.  Antistatic coating and electromagnetic shielding properties of a hybrid material based on polyaniline/organoclay nanocomposite and EPDM rubber , 2006 .

[56]  Kerileng M. Molapo,et al.  Electronics of Conjugated Polymers (I): Polyaniline , 2012, International Journal of Electrochemical Science.

[57]  J. Brédas,et al.  Polarons, bipolarons, and solitons in conducting polymers , 1985 .

[58]  William R. Mathew,et al.  Thermal stability of polyaniline , 1989 .

[59]  Matsuhiko Nishizawa,et al.  Highly Conductive Stretchable and Biocompatible Electrode–Hydrogel Hybrids for Advanced Tissue Engineering , 2014, Advanced healthcare materials.

[60]  N. Mermilliod,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of chemically synthesized polyanilines , 1987 .

[61]  David C. Martin,et al.  Experimental and theoretical characterization of implantable neural microelectrodes modified with conducting polymer nanotubes. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[62]  M. Abidian,et al.  Conducting‐Polymer Nanotubes for Controlled Drug Release , 2006, Advanced materials.

[63]  T. F. Otero,et al.  Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers , 1995 .

[64]  K. Yoshino,et al.  Electrical Properties of Conducting Polymer, Poly-Thiophene, Prepared by Electrochemical Polymerization , 1982 .

[65]  Xiliang Luo,et al.  Enhancement of a conducting polymer-based biosensor using carbon nanotube-doped polyaniline. , 2006, Analytica chimica acta.

[66]  Xu-Dong Li,et al.  Investigations on the Mechanical Properties of Conducting Polymer Coating-Substrate Structures and Their Influencing Factors , 2009, International journal of molecular sciences.

[67]  I. Sapurina,et al.  Oxidative Polymerization of Aniline: Molecular Synthesis of Polyaniline and the Formation of Supramolecular Structures , 2012 .

[68]  David C. Martin,et al.  Conducting polymers grown in hydrogel scaffolds coated on neural prosthetic devices. , 2004, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[69]  S. C Bayliss,et al.  The culture of neurons on silicon , 1999 .

[70]  Kip A Ludwig,et al.  Interfacing Conducting Polymer Nanotubes with the Central Nervous System: Chronic Neural Recording using Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanotubes , 2009, Advanced materials.

[71]  M. Lapkowski,et al.  Polyaniline: A historical survey , 1990 .

[72]  D. Pletcher,et al.  The electrodeposition of polypyrrole films from aqueous solutions , 1984 .

[73]  Mohammad Reza Abidian,et al.  High Performance Conducting Polymer Nanofiber Biosensors for Detection of Biomolecules , 2014, Advanced materials.

[74]  R. Waltman,et al.  Electrochemical studies of some conducting polythiophene films , 1983 .

[75]  Daryl R Kipke,et al.  Conducting polymers on hydrogel-coated neural electrode provide sensitive neural recordings in auditory cortex. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[76]  Cao Yong,et al.  IR and Raman studies of polythiophene prepared by electrochemical polymerization , 1985 .

[77]  Alan G. MacDiarmid,et al.  Polyaniline and polypyrrole: Where are we headed? , 2010 .

[78]  Mei Gao,et al.  Biosensors Based on Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Coated with Inherently Conducting Polymers , 2003 .

[79]  G. Tourillon,et al.  New electrochemically generated organic conducting polymers , 1982 .

[80]  Mohammad Reza Abidian,et al.  Multifunctional Nanobiomaterials for Neural Interfaces , 2009 .

[81]  Masaaki Sato,et al.  Electrochemical preparation of highly conducting polythiophene films , 1985 .

[82]  Vahid Mottaghitalab,et al.  The influence of carbon nanotubes on mechanical and electrical properties of polyaniline fibers , 2005 .

[83]  Jung-Kyoon Chon,et al.  Mechanism of Electropolymerization of Pyrrole in Acidic Aqueous Solutions , 1988 .