Biological diversification in a complex region: a spatial analysis of faunistic diversity and biogeography of the Andes of Colombia

Aim  Understanding large-scale patterns of beta diversity and endemism is essential for ecoregional conservation planning. We present a study of spatial patterns of faunal diversification and biogeographical relationships in the Andean region of Colombia. This region has a great geomorphological complexity, as it is formed by several mountain ranges with different geologic origins. We hypothesize that this complexity results in a high turnover in species composition among subregions. Location  The Andean region of Colombia, including the Santa Marta and Macarena mountain ranges. Methods  The region was divided into subregions, represented by the eastern and western slopes of each of the three Andean cordilleras, the Cauca and Magdalena valley bottoms, and the peripheral mountain ranges of Perija, Macarena and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Species lists for five animal taxa (rodents, bats, birds, frogs and butterflies) were compiled for each subregion and similarities in species composition were determined by cluster analysis. To explore biogeographical relationships, species were classified into one of four distributional categories: endemic, tropical Andean, Andean-Central American and wide continental distribution. Results  The highest species richness in the region was found in the Pacific and eastern versants of the Andes, and the lowest in the Cauca and Magdalena valley bottoms. Inter-Andean slopes were intermediate in species richness. However, when species richness was calculated per unit area, the most diverse regions were the Santa Marta and Macarena ranges, the Cauca Valley watershed and the Pacific slope. Although each taxonomic group had a different branching pattern, dendrograms indicated five common subregional clusterings: (1) Perija-Sierra Nevada, (2) the Pacific slope, (3) the eastern Andean slope, (4) the Cauca and Magdalena valley bottoms, and (5) the inter-Andean slopes. Clustering patterns of inter-Andean slopes varied among taxa. In birds, bats and rodents, grouping was by opposite slopes of the same valley, whereas frogs were grouped by mountain ranges and butterflies by valleys and their respective slopes. Seventy-five per cent of species in all taxa were found in less than five subregions. The fauna of the Magdalena and Cauca valley bottoms was composed mostly of lowland species with wide geographical distributions, whereas the cordilleran fauna was mostly restricted to the tropical Andes. Main conclusions  The western and eastern versants of the Andes have the highest species richness, but are also the largest subregions. On a per unit area basis, the peripheral ranges (Santa Marta and Macarena) are the richest, followed by the western portion of the Andes (the Cauca Valley watershed and the Pacific versant). Clustering patterns in dendrograms suggest two major patterns of differentiation of the Andean fauna: one elevational (lowlands vs. highlands) and one horizontal (among ranges and/or slopes). Biogeographical affinities of the inter-Andean valley bottoms are with the lowland faunas of tropical America. In contrast, Andean faunas diversified locally, resulting in the evolution of a large number of endemic species, particularly among the less vagile taxa. Three different main branches of Andean fauna can be recognized, one confined to the Pacific, another to the eastern (Amazonian-Llanos) versant of the Andes, and the third one composed by the inter-Andean slopes of the Cauca and Magdalena valleys. The identification of five main biogeographical units in the Andean region of Colombia has important implications for the conservation of the regional biota. Conservation initiatives that seek to preserve representative samples of the regional biodiversity should take into account the patterns of diversification described here, and the evolutionary processes that gave rise to these patterns. Resumen El conocimiento de los patrones de diversidad beta y endemismo a gran escala espacial es esencial para la planificacion ecorregional. En este articulo se presenta un estudio de los patrones espaciales de diversificacion de la fauna y de sus relaciones biogeograficas en la region andina de Colombia y serranias perifericas. Esta region es de una gran complejidad geomorfologica, ya que esta conformada por varias cordilleras y serranias de diferentes origenes geologicos. Nuestra hipotesis es que esta complejidad genera una alta composicion de especies entre las subregiones. La region andina de Colombia (incluyendo la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y la serrania de La Macarena), fue dividida en subregiones, constituidas por las vertientes oriental y occidental de cada una de las tres cordilleras, las planicies de los valles del Cauca y Magdalena, las serranias de Perija y La Macarena y la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Para cada una de estas subregiones compilamos la lista de especies para cinco grupos taxonomicos: roedores, murcielagos, aves, ranas y mariposas. En cada grupo, determinamos la similitud en composicion de especies por medio de analisis de agrupamiento (cluster analysis). Con el objectivo de explorar las relaciones biogeograficas, clasificamos las especies en cuatro categorias de distribucion geografica: endemica, Andes tropicales, andina-centroamericana y distribucion amplia. La riqueza de especies mas alta se encontro en las vertientes Pacifica y oriental de los Andes, y la mas baja en los valles del Cauca y Magdalena. Las vertientes interandinas presentaron una riqueza intermedia. Sin embargo, por unidad de area las subregiones mas diversas fueron La Macarena y Santa Marta, el valle del Cauca y sus vertientes, y la vertiente del Pacifico. Aunque el analisis arrojo diferentes patrones de agrupamiento para cada grupo taxonomico, en los dendrogramas se destacan cinco ramas: (1) Perija-Sierra Nevada, (2) la vertiente Pacifico, (3) la vertiente oriental de los Andes, (4) las planicies de los dos valles, y (5) las vertientes interandinas. Los patrones de agrupamiento de las vertientes interandinas fueron variables. En aves, murcielagos y roedores, las vertientes opuestas de cada valle resultaron muy cercanas en composicion de especies; en cambio, en las ranas se agruparon primero las dos vertientes de cada cordillera; en mariposas, cada valle se agrupo con sus respectivas vertientes. La fauna de las planicies del Cauca y Magdalena esta compuesta principalmente por especies de tierras bajas y amplias distribuciones geograficas. La fauna de las cordilleras, en cambio, esta compuesta principalmente por especies restringidas a los Andes tropicales. Los patrones de agrupamiento en los dendrogramas sugieren dos patrones principales de diferenciacion de la fauna andina: un patron vertical (tierras bajas versus tierras altas) y otro horizontal (entre cordilleras y entre vertientes). Las planicies interandinas del Cauca y Magdalena tienen afinidad biogeografica con la fauna de tierras bajas del tropico americano, mientras que las faunas andinas muestran una diversificacion local, lo cual ha resultado en la evolucion de un gran numero de especies endemicas, particularmente en los taxones menos moviles. Se pueden reconocer tres grandes ramas en la fauna propiamente andina: una confinada a la vertiente del Pacifico, otra a la vertiente oriental de los Andes, y una tercera compuesta por las vertientes interandinas de los valles del Cauca y Magdalena. La identificacion de cinco grandes unidades biogeograficas en la region andina de Colombia tiene importantes implicaciones para la conservacion de la biota regional. Las iniciativas de conservacion que buscan preservar muestras representativas de la diversidad regional deben tener en cuenta no solo los patrones de diversidad descritos en este articulo, sino tambien los procesos evolutivos que originaron estos patrones.

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