Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention.

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most common parasitic infections of man and other warm-blooded animals. It has been found world-wide from Alaska to Australia. Nearly one-third of humanity has been exposed to this parasite. In most adults it does not cause serious illness, but it can cause blindness and mental retardation in congenitally infected children and devastating disease in immunocompromised individuals.

[1]  C. Cordonnier,et al.  Prospective study of toxoplasma reactivation by polymerase chain reaction in allogeneic stem‐cell transplant recipients , 2000, Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society.

[2]  S. Teutsch,et al.  Epidemic toxoplasmosis associated with infected cats. , 1979, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  R. Holliman,et al.  Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in cured meats. , 1998, International journal of food microbiology.

[4]  C. Stephen,et al.  Toxoplasma gondii in Vancouver Island cougars (Felis concolor vancouverensis): serology and oocyst shedding. , 1998, The Journal of parasitology.

[5]  J. Dubey,et al.  Cyst-induced toxoplasmosis in cats. , 1972, The Journal of protozoology.

[6]  S. Marion,et al.  Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water , 1997, The Lancet.

[7]  U. Kitron,et al.  Sources and reservoirs of Toxoplasma gondii infection on 47 swine farms in Illinois. , 1995, The Journal of parasitology.

[8]  R. Gilbert,et al.  Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study. European Research Network on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[9]  M. Pybus,et al.  Parasitic diseases of wild mammals , 2001 .

[10]  T. Roberts,et al.  Estimating income losses and other preventable costs caused by congenital toxoplasmosis in people in the United States. , 1990, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

[11]  D. Lindsay,et al.  Effect of Freezing on Infectivity of Toxoplasma Gondii Tissue Cysts in Pork. , 1991, Journal of food protection.

[12]  J. Couvreur,et al.  Congenital toxoplasmosis. A prospective study of 378 pregnancies. , 1974, The New England journal of medicine.

[13]  C. Stephen,et al.  Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts , 1999, Epidemiology and Infection.

[14]  R. Martino,et al.  Quality control for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii reactivation in SCT patients using PCR assays , 2001, Bone Marrow Transplantation.

[15]  J. Dubey,et al.  Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Drinking Water , 1998, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[16]  J. Dubey,et al.  Duration of immunity to shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cats. , 1995, The Journal of parasitology.

[17]  R. Lynfield,et al.  Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. The New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[18]  B. Isberg,et al.  Polymerase Chain Reaction for Diagnosis of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in Cerebrospinal Fluid in HIV-positive Patients , 2001, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[19]  L. Perrin,et al.  Toxoplasma Encephalitis in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , 1992, Medicine.

[20]  R. Cole,et al.  BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII STRAINS OBTAINED FROM SOUTHERN SEA OTTERS (ENHYDRA LUTRIS NEREIS) , 2000, The Journal of parasitology.

[21]  B. Luft,et al.  Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. , 1992, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[22]  D. Lindsay,et al.  Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork. , 1990, The Journal of parasitology.

[23]  J. Dubey,et al.  Toxoplasma gondii in Cats: Fecal Stages Identified as Coccidian Oocysts , 1970, Science.

[24]  L. Weiss,et al.  Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. , 2000, International journal for parasitology.

[25]  D. M. Hammond,et al.  The Coccidia: Eimeria, Isospora, Toxoplasma, and related genera , 1974 .

[26]  J. Dubey.  Refinement of pepsin digestion method for isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from infected tissues. , 1998, Veterinary parasitology.

[27]  J. Klein,et al.  Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant , 1983 .

[28]  V. Dietz,et al.  Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis. , 2000, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[29]  J. Dubey,et al.  Toxoplasma gondii in Iowa sows: comparison of antibody titers to isolation of T. gondii by bioassays in mice and cats. , 1995, The Journal of parasitology.

[30]  J. Boothroyd,et al.  Rapid prenatal diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma infection by using polymerase chain reaction and amniotic fluid , 1990, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[31]  T. Roberts,et al.  Economic losses caused by foodborne parasitic diseases. , 1994, Parasitology today.

[32]  S. Lemon,et al.  Oocyst-transmitted toxoplasmosis associated with ingestion of contaminated water. , 1982, The New England journal of medicine.

[33]  M. Benchimol.  Hydrogenosome morphological variation induced by fibronectin and other drugs in Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus , 2001, Parasitology Research.

[34]  M. Derde,et al.  Evaluation of the Possibilities for Preventing Congenital Toxoplasmosis , 1994, American journal of perinatology.

[35]  J. Dubey,et al.  Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man , 1989 .

[36]  JAMES L. Smith,et al.  Documented Outbreaks of Toxoplasmosis: Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to Humans. , 1993, Journal of food protection.

[37]  R. V. Van Gelder,et al.  Validation of a diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for infectious posterior uveitis. , 2001, Archives of ophthalmology.

[38]  J. Boothroyd,et al.  Direct and sensitive detection of a pathogenic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, by polymerase chain reaction , 1989, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[39]  J. Dubey,et al.  Development of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Pig and Mouse Tissues , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[40]  M. Pybus,et al.  Toxoplasmosis and related infections. , 2001 .

[41]  J. Dubey,et al.  Killing of different strains of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts by irradiation under defined conditions. , 1994, The Journal of parasitology.

[42]  J. Isaac-Renton,et al.  Multiple cases of acquired toxoplasmosis retinitis presenting in an outbreak. , 1998, Ophthalmology.