Cost-Effectiveness of Different Screening Strategies for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women

BACKGROUND The best strategies to screen postmenopausal women for osteoporosis are not clear. OBJECTIVE To identify the cost-effectiveness of various screening strategies. DESIGN Individual-level state-transition cost-effectiveness model. DATA SOURCES Published literature. TARGET POPULATION U.S. women aged 55 years or older. TIME HORIZON Lifetime. PERSPECTIVE Payer. INTERVENTION Screening strategies composed of alternative tests (central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry [DXA], calcaneal quantitative ultrasonography [QUS], and the Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation [SCORE] tool) initiation ages, treatment thresholds, and rescreening intervals. Oral bisphosphonate treatment was assumed, with a base-case adherence rate of 50% and a 5-year on/off treatment pattern. OUTCOME MEASURES Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (2010 U.S. dollars per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained). RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS At all evaluated ages, screening was superior to not screening. In general, quality-adjusted life-days gained with screening tended to increase with age. At all initiation ages, the best strategy with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of less than $50,000 per QALY was DXA screening with a T-score threshold of -2.5 or less for treatment and with follow-up screening every 5 years. Across screening initiation ages, the best strategy with an ICER less than $50,000 per QALY was initiation of screening at age 55 years by using DXA -2.5 with rescreening every 5 years. The best strategy with an ICER less than $100,000 per QALY was initiation of screening at age 55 years by using DXA with a T-score threshold of -2.0 or less for treatment and then rescreening every 10 years. No other strategy that involved treatment of women with osteopenia had an ICER less than $100,000 per QALY. Many other strategies, including strategies with SCORE or QUS prescreening, were also cost-effective, and in general the differences in effectiveness and costs between evaluated strategies was small. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Probabilistic sensitivity analysis did not reveal a consistently superior strategy. LIMITATIONS Data were primarily from white women. Screening initiation at ages younger than 55 years were not examined. Only osteoporotic fractures of the hip, vertebrae, and wrist were modeled. CONCLUSION Many strategies for postmenopausal osteoporosis screening are effective and cost-effective, including strategies involving screening initiation at age 55 years. No strategy substantially outperforms another. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Center for Research Resources.