Wearable Identities: Understanding Wearables’ Potential for Supporting the Expression of Queer Identities

Queer identity research largely overlooks wearable technology. Most work exploring sociocultural considerations of wearable technology determines what is “socially acceptable” based on privileged bodies, excluding queer perspectives. We address this by establishing the foundations of a knowledge base for wearables that support queer expression. We conducted a two-phase qualitative study exploring queer expressive practices and wearable technologies through 16 semi-structured interviews and 15 body mapping workshops with the queer community. We observed themes framing the queer community’s understanding of queer expression, wearable technology, and wearable technology for queer users. Providing design considerations and discussions on the potential of our methods, our work enables the creation of wearable technologies that offer meaningful user experiences for the queer community. CAUTION: This paper discusses topics that could trigger those with histories of homophobia, transphobia, gender dysphoria, racism or eating disorders. Please use caution when engaging with this work.

[1]  Christina N. Harrington,et al.  “All that You Touch, You Change”: Expanding the Canon of Speculative Design Towards Black Futuring , 2022, CHI.

[2]  Özge Dilaver Kalkan,et al.  Negotiating sustainable futures in communities through participatory speculative design and experiments in living , 2022, CHI.

[3]  P. Joy,et al.  Exploring the influence of gender dysphoria in eating disorders among gender diverse individuals. , 2022, Nutrition & dietetics: the journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia.

[4]  A. Girouard,et al.  Breathing Scarf: Using a First-Person Research Method to Design a Wearable for Emotional Regulation , 2022, TEI.

[5]  Madeline Balaam,et al.  Body Maps: A Generative Tool for Soma-based Design , 2022, TEI.

[6]  Jason R. C. Nurse,et al.  “It was hard to find the words”: Using an Autoethnographic Diary Study to Understand the Difficulties of Smart Home Cyber Security Practices , 2021, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[7]  Lucy E. Dunne,et al.  Design of a Hybrid SMA-Pneumatic based Wearable Upper Limb Exoskeleton , 2021, SEMWEB.

[8]  Oscar Tomico,et al.  Exploring the Potential of Apple Face ID as a Drag, Queer and Trans Technology Design Tool , 2021, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[9]  Christina Harrington,et al.  Speculative Blackness: Considering Afrofuturism in the Creation of Inclusive Speculative Design Probes , 2021, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[10]  Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed,et al.  Negotiating Intersectional Non-Normative Queer Identities in India , 2021, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[11]  Rachel L. Franz,et al.  Digital Design Marginalization: New Perspectives on Designing Inclusive Interfaces , 2021, CHI.

[12]  Oliver L. Haimson,et al.  Online Transgender Health Information Seeking: Facilitators, Barriers, and Future Directions , 2021, CHI.

[13]  Jeffrey P. Bigham,et al.  “It’s Complicated”: Negotiating Accessibility and (Mis)Representation in Image Descriptions of Race, Gender, and Disability , 2021, CHI.

[14]  S. Gauvin,et al.  "A little shiny gender breakthrough": Community understandings of gender euphoria. , 2021, International journal of transgender health.

[15]  D. Gesink,et al.  “They Want You to Kill Your Inner Queer but Somehow Leave the Human Alive”: Delineating the Impacts of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression Change Efforts , 2021, Journal of sex research.

[16]  Sean A. Munson,et al.  Embracing Four Tensions in Human-Computer Interaction Research with Marginalized People , 2021, ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact..

[17]  Josh Cherian,et al.  An Activity Recognition System for Taking Medicine Using In-The-Wild Data to Promote Medication Adherence , 2021, IUI.

[18]  E. Meyer,et al.  Queer Theory and Heteronormativity , 2021 .

[19]  Lian Loke,et al.  Understanding the First Person Experience of Walking Mindfulness Meditation Facilitated by EEG Modulated Interactive Soundscape , 2021, TEI.

[20]  Katta Spiel The Bodies of TEI – Investigating Norms and Assumptions in the Design of Embodied Interaction , 2021, TEI.

[21]  Jackie Kay,et al.  Fairness for Unobserved Characteristics: Insights from Technological Impacts on Queer Communities , 2021, AIES.

[22]  Katharina Reinecke,et al.  How WEIRD is CHI? , 2021, CHI.

[23]  Jonna Häkkilä,et al.  DecoLive Jacket with Battery-free Dynamic Graphics , 2020, MUM.

[24]  Andrés Lucero,et al.  Identity through Social Wearables: Designing with Finnish University Students , 2020, NordiCHI.

[25]  K. Gleeson Polytextual thematic analysis for visual data , 2020 .

[26]  N. D. Klerk,et al.  Influence of Design Aesthetics and Brand Name On Generation Y Students’ Intention to Use Wearable Activity-Tracking Devices , 2020, International Journal of eBusiness and eGovernment Studies.

[27]  Prateek Jain,et al.  Secure-iGLU: A Secure Device for Noninvasive Glucose Measurement and Automatic Insulin Delivery in IoMT Framework , 2020, 2020 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI).

[28]  S. Blackstone,et al.  Fitness Wearables and Exercise Dependence in College Women: Considerations for University Health Education Specialists , 2020 .

[29]  S. M. Anderson Gender Matters: The Perceived Role of Gender Expression in Discrimination Against Cisgender and Transgender LGBQ Individuals , 2020, Psychology of Women Quarterly.

[30]  Sandra DeLuca,et al.  You Want Me to Draw What? Body Mapping in Qualitative Research as Canadian Socio-Political Commentary , 2020 .

[31]  Heidi R. Biggs,et al.  High Water Pants: Designing Embodied Environmental Speculation , 2020, CHI.

[32]  Oliver L. Haimson,et al.  Designing Trans Technology: Defining Challenges and Envisioning Community-Centered Solutions , 2020, CHI.

[33]  Tuck Wah Leong,et al.  SNS and the Lived Experiences of Queer Youth , 2019, OZCHI.

[34]  Jonna Häkkilä,et al.  Customisable wearables: exploring the design space of wearable technology , 2019, MUM.

[35]  Bryan C. Semaan,et al.  "Coming Out Okay" , 2019, Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction.

[36]  Oliver L. Haimson,et al.  Tumblr was a trans technology: the meaning, importance, history, and future of trans technologies , 2019, Feminist Media Studies.

[37]  Jean Hardy,et al.  Participatory Design and the Future of Rural LGBTQ Communities , 2019, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[38]  Elena Márquez Segura,et al.  Design Framework for Social Wearables , 2019, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[39]  B. Churchill,et al.  "Hey, i'm having these experiences": Tumblr use and young people's queer (dis)connections , 2019 .

[40]  Ann Light,et al.  Queer(ing) HCI: Moving Forward in Theory and Practice , 2019, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[41]  Torben Wallbaum,et al.  Evaluating a Wearable Camera's Social Acceptability In-the-Wild , 2019, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[42]  Paul Marshall,et al.  HawkEye - Deploying a Design Fiction Probe , 2019, CHI.

[43]  Young-A Lee,et al.  Validation of the wearable acceptability range scale for smart apparel , 2019, Fashion and Textiles.

[44]  Oliver L. Haimson Social Media as Social Transition Machinery , 2018, Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact..

[45]  Jeremy Birnholtz,et al.  'Too Gay for Facebook' , 2018, Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction.

[46]  Raja S. Kushalnagar,et al.  “Wear It Loud” , 2018, ACM Trans. Access. Comput..

[47]  Stephen B Gilbert,et al.  The Wearer, the Device, and Its Use: Advances in Understanding the Social Acceptability of Wearables , 2018, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting.

[48]  Cheng Yao,et al.  VisHair: A Wearable Fashion Hair Lighting Interaction System , 2018, HCI.

[49]  P. Bonato,et al.  From A to Z: Wearable technology explained. , 2018, Maturitas.

[50]  Elena Márquez Segura,et al.  Designing Future Social Wearables with Live Action Role Play (Larp) Designers , 2018, CHI.

[51]  Andruid Kerne,et al.  Queer Visibility: Supporting LGBT+ Selective Visibility on Social Media , 2018, CHI.

[52]  Danielle M. Lottridge,et al.  "Genderfluid" or "Attack Helicopter": Responsible HCI Research Practice with Non-binary Gender Variation in Online Communities , 2018, CHI.

[53]  Paul Marshall,et al.  The Role of Aesthetics and Design: Wearables in Situ , 2018, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[54]  Xu Chen,et al.  Aesthetic-based Clothing Recommendation , 2018 .

[55]  Kelly L. Reddy-Best ‘I cut it [her hair] real short right after I got the job’: Queer coding during the interview for LGBTQ+ women , 2018 .

[56]  Michelle Birkett,et al.  Identity, victimization, and support: Facebook experiences and mental health among LGBTQ youth , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[57]  Norene Kelly,et al.  All the world's a stage , 2017, Interactions.

[58]  Maria Cecília Calani Baranauskas,et al.  Supporting people on fighting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) prejudice: a critical codesign process , 2017, IHC.

[59]  Clint Zeagler,et al.  Where to wear it: functional, technical, and social considerations in on-body location for wearable technology 20 years of designing for wearability , 2017, SEMWEB.

[60]  Courtney C Simpson,et al.  Calorie counting and fitness tracking technology: Associations with eating disorder symptomatology. , 2017, Eating behaviors.

[61]  K. Gupta “And Now I’m Just Different, but There’s Nothing Actually Wrong With Me”: Asexual Marginalization and Resistance , 2017, Journal of homosexuality.

[62]  David Kotz,et al.  Challenges and Opportunities in Wearable Systems , 2017, WearSys@MobiSys.

[63]  E. Saewyc,et al.  Chasing the rainbow: lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer youth and pride semiotics , 2017, Culture, health & sexuality.

[64]  Samuel Hardman Taylor,et al.  Social Consequences of Grindr Use: Extending the Internet-Enhanced Self-Disclosure Hypothesis , 2017, CHI.

[65]  Ryan A. Miller "My Voice Is Definitely Strongest in Online Communities": Students Using Social Media for Queer and Disability Identity-Making , 2017 .

[66]  Jesse Fox,et al.  Queer identity online: Informal learning and teaching experiences of LGBTQ individuals on social media , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[67]  Yanqing Zhang,et al.  Fashionable Services for Wearables: Inventing and Investigating a New Design Path for Smart Watches , 2016, NordiCHI.

[68]  M. Barker,et al.  Queer: A Graphic History , 2016 .

[69]  Lynn Dombrowski,et al.  Social Justice-Oriented Interaction Design: Outlining Key Design Strategies and Commitments , 2016, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[70]  Stephen B. Gilbert,et al.  The WEAR Scale: Developing a Measure of the Social Acceptability of a Wearable Device , 2016, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[71]  S. Russell,et al.  Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth. , 2016, Annual review of clinical psychology.

[72]  Halley P. Profita,et al.  Designing wearable computing technology for acceptability and accessibility , 2016, ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput..

[73]  Joseph Lindley,et al.  Operationalising design fiction for ethical computing , 2016, SIGCAS Comput. Soc..

[74]  Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze,et al.  Activity tracking: barriers, workarounds and customisation , 2015, UbiComp.

[75]  Thomas Page,et al.  Barriers to the Adoption of Wearable Technology , 2015 .

[76]  Hugo Fuks,et al.  Hairware: Conductive Hair Extensions as a Capacitive Touch Input Device , 2015, IUI Companion.

[77]  Elaine L. Pedersen,et al.  The relationship of gender expression, sexual identity, distress, appearance, and clothing choices for queer women , 2015 .

[78]  Bimlesh Wadhwa,et al.  Exploring Nuanced Gender Perspectives within the HCI Community , 2014, IHCI.

[79]  J. Friedman 'It's complicated'. , 2014, Rhode Island medical journal.

[80]  Lucy E. Dunne,et al.  The social comfort of wearable technology and gestural interaction , 2014, 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[81]  Robin Wright,et al.  Wearable Technology: If the Tech Fits, Wear It , 2014 .

[82]  Stephanie Tom Tong,et al.  Breaking boundaries: the uses & gratifications of grindr , 2014, UbiComp.

[83]  Lucy E. Dunne,et al.  Social Aspects of Wearability and Interaction , 2014 .

[84]  J. G. Tanenbaum,et al.  Design fictional interactions , 2014, Interactions.

[85]  Darcy Fehlings,et al.  An innovative cycling exergame to promote cardiovascular fitness in youth with cerebral palsy , 2014, Developmental neurorehabilitation.

[86]  A. Scheim,et al.  Reported emergency department avoidance, use, and experiences of transgender persons in Ontario, Canada: results from a respondent-driven sampling survey. , 2014, Annals of emergency medicine.

[87]  Matthew Louis Mauriello,et al.  Social fabric fitness: the design and evaluation of wearable E-textile displays to support group running , 2014, CHI.

[88]  Hao Tan,et al.  An aesthetic perspective to explore aesthetic components of interactive system: a case study on music player , 2014, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[89]  Katherine Deibel,et al.  A convenient heuristic model for understanding assistive technology adoption , 2013, ASSETS.

[90]  Alexandre N. Tuch,et al.  Is beautiful really usable? Toward understanding the relation between usability, aesthetics, and affect in HCI , 2012, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[91]  M. Loutfy,et al.  “We don't exist”: a qualitative study of marginalization experienced by HIV-positive lesbian, bisexual, queer and transgender women in Toronto, Canada , 2012, Journal of the International AIDS Society.

[92]  Danielle E MacDonald Impossible Bodies, Invisible Battles: Feminist Perspectives on the Psychological Research on and Treatment of Eating Disorders in Queer Women , 2011 .

[93]  Ann Light,et al.  HCI as heterodoxy: Technologies of identity and the queering of interaction with computers , 2011, Interact. Comput..

[94]  S. Brennan,et al.  Police-reported hate crime in Canada, 2010 , 2011 .

[95]  C. Klesse Racialising the Politics of Transgression: Body Modification in Queer Culture , 2007 .

[96]  Victoria Clarke,et al.  V. Clothes Maketh the Queer? Dress, Appearance and the Construction of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Identities , 2007 .

[97]  David R. Thomas,et al.  A General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data , 2006 .

[98]  Martin Ludvigsen,et al.  Aesthetic interaction: a pragmatist's aesthetics of interactive systems , 2004, DIS '04.

[99]  K. Brandt The Skin We Live In: Explorations of Body Modification, Sexuality, and Citizenship , 2004 .

[100]  I. Meyer Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. , 2003, Psychological bulletin.

[101]  Nikki Sullivan A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory , 2003 .

[102]  E. Jensen The Pink Triangle and Political Consciousness: Gays, Lesbians, and the Memory of Nazi Persecution , 2002 .

[103]  Victoria L. Pitts,et al.  Visibly Queer: Body Technologies and Sexual Politics , 2000, The Sociological quarterly.

[104]  Elaine Pearson,et al.  Disability , 1958, The Lancet.

[105]  Richard Martin,et al.  Design for wearability , 1998, Digest of Papers. Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers (Cat. No.98EX215).

[106]  Richard M. Plant The pink triangle : the Nazi war against homosexuals , 1987 .

[107]  Erwin R. Steinberg,et al.  Protocols, Retrospective Reports, and the Stream of Consciousness. , 1986 .

[108]  A. E. Bateman The Statistics of Canada , 1878 .

[109]  M. Hosseinzadeh,et al.  11 Years with Wearables:Quantitative Analysis of Social Media, Academia, News Agencies, and Lead User Community from 2009–2020 on Wearable Technologies , 2021 .

[110]  Sanjana Gandhi THE RAINBOW BUSINESS , 2020 .

[111]  Bryan C. Semaan,et al.  "Coming Out Okay": Community Narratives for LGBTQ Identity Recovery Work , 2019, Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact..

[112]  Jeremy P. Birnholtz,et al.  'Too Gay for Facebook': Presenting LGBTQ+ Identity Throughout the Personal Social Media Ecosystem , 2018, Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact..

[113]  E. Huang Scored in Ink: A Narrative of Tattoos as Self-Care, Healing, and Reclamation , 2016 .

[114]  D. Eichmann The Pink Triangle The Nazi War Against Homosexuals , 2016 .

[115]  Michael R. Neuman,et al.  Wearable sensors : fundamentals, implementation and applications , 2014 .

[116]  Elaine L. Pedersen,et al.  Fashioning Queer Bodies: Intersections of Dress, Identity, and Anxiety for Queer Women , 2013 .

[117]  Hee-Cheol Kim,et al.  Six Human Factors to Acceptability of Wearable Computers , 2013 .

[118]  Michael Atkinson Tattooed: The Sociogenesis of a Body Art , 2003 .

[119]  Santeri Salminen,et al.  Wearable technology , 2001 .

[120]  V. Braun,et al.  Please Scroll down for Article Qualitative Research in Psychology Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology , 2022 .