Geographic patterns and pollination ecotypes in Claytonia virginica

Geographical variation in pollinators visiting a plant can produce plant populations adapted to local pollinator environments. We documented two markedly different pollinator climates for the spring ephemeral wildflower Claytonia virginica: in more northern populations, the pollen‐specialist bee Andrena erigeniae dominated, but in more southern populations, A. erigeniae visited rarely and the bee‐fly Bombylius major dominated. Plants in the northern populations experienced faster pollen depletion than plants in southern populations. We also measured divergent pollen‐related plant traits; plants in northern populations produced relatively more pollen per flower and anther dehiscence was more staggered than plants in southern populations. These plant traits might function to increase pollen dispersal via the different pollen vectors.

[1]  N. Williams,et al.  Specialist pollinators deplete pollen in the spring ephemeral wildflower Claytonia virginica , 2016, Ecology and evolution.

[2]  J. Thomson,et al.  Pollen packing affects the function of pollen on corbiculate bees but not non-corbiculate bees , 2015, Arthropod-Plant Interactions.

[3]  C. Alonso,et al.  Sex-specific phenotypic selection and geographic variation in gender divergence in a gynodioecious shrub. , 2015, Plant biology.

[4]  A. Parker.  The Ecological Context of Pollination: Variation in an Apparent Mutualism , 2014 .

[5]  H. Wang,et al.  Pollen packaging and dispensing: adaption of patterns of anther dehiscence and flowering traits to pollination in three Epimedium species. , 2014, Plant biology.

[6]  N. Williams,et al.  Local habitat characteristics but not landscape urbanization drive pollinator visitation and native plant pollination in forest remnants , 2013 .

[7]  John Sibert,et al.  AD Model Builder: using automatic differentiation for statistical inference of highly parameterized complex nonlinear models , 2012, Optim. Methods Softw..

[8]  S. Johnson,et al.  EVOLUTION AND COEXISTENCE OF POLLINATION ECOTYPES IN AN AFRICAN GLADIOLUS (IRIDACEAE) , 2009, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[9]  L. Harder,et al.  Variation in Pollination: Causes and Consequences for Plant Reproduction , 2009, The American Naturalist.

[10]  J. Thomson,et al.  Going to great lengths: selection for long corolla tubes in an extremely specialized bat–flower mutualism , 2009, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[11]  Benjamin M. Bolker,et al.  Ecological Models and Data in R , 2008 .

[12]  J. Thomson,et al.  Anther Evolution: Pollen Presentation Strategies When Pollinators Differ , 2005, The American Naturalist.

[13]  A. Boyd.  Breeding system of Macromeria viridiflora (Boraginaceae) and geographic variation in pollinator assemblages. , 2004, American journal of botany.

[14]  J. Thomson,et al.  ‘Anti‐bee’ and ‘pro‐bird’ changes during the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon flowers , 2004, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[15]  K. Holsinger,et al.  A sensitivity analysis of pollen-dispensing schedules , 2004, Evolutionary Ecology.

[16]  R. Thorp.  The collection of pollen by bees , 2000, Plant Systematics and Evolution.

[17]  J. Thomson,et al.  Pollen removal and deposition by honeybee and bumblebee visitors to apple and almond flowers , 2001 .

[18]  C. Caruso.  COMPETITION FOR POLLINATION INFLUENCES SELECTION ON FLORAL TRAITS OF IPOMOPSIS AGGREGATA , 2000, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[19]  J. Thomson,et al.  Pollen presentation and pollination syndromes, with special reference to Penstemon. , 2000 .

[20]  D. Campbell.  Variation in Lifetime Male Fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata: Tests of Sex Allocation Theory , 1998, The American Naturalist.

[21]  S. Johnson.  Pollination ecotypes of Satyrium hallackii (Orchidaceae) in South Africa , 1997 .

[22]  N. Waser,et al.  Analyzing Pollinator-Mediated Selection in a Plant Hybrid Zone: Hummingbird Visitation Patterns on Three Spatial Scales , 1997, The American Naturalist.

[23]  S. Johnson,et al.  LONG‐TONGUED FLY POLLINATION AND EVOLUTION OF FLORAL SPUR LENGTH IN THE DISA DRACONIS COMPLEX (ORCHIDACEAE) , 1997, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[24]  M. V. Price,et al.  Mechanisms of hummingbird-mediated selection for flower width in Ipomopsis aggregata , 1996 .

[25]  Lars Chittka,et al.  Generalization in Pollination Systems, and Why it Matters , 1996 .

[26]  P. Klinkhamer,et al.  Plant Size and Reproductive Success through Female and Male Function , 1994 .

[27]  C. Galen.  POLLEN DISPERSAL DYNAMICS IN AN ALPINE WILDFLOWER, POLEMONIUM VISCOSUM , 1992, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[28]  P. Feinsinger,et al.  Competition among plants sharing hummingbird pollinators : laboratory experiments on a mechanism , 1991 .

[29]  R. Wyatt,et al.  EVIDENCE FOR POLLINATION ECOTYPES IN THE YELLOW‐FRINGED ORCHID, PLATANTHERA CILIARIS , 1990, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[30]  C. Galen.  MEASURING POLLINATOR‐MEDIATED SELECTION ON MORPHOMETRIC FLORAL TRAITS: BUMBLEBEES AND THE ALPINE SKY PILOT, POLEMONIUM VISCOSUM , 1989, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[31]  L. Harder,et al.  Evolutionary Options for Maximizing Pollen Dispersal of Animal-Pollinated Plants , 1989, The American Naturalist.

[32]  J. Thomson.  Pollen Transport and Deposition by Bumble Bees in Erythronium: Influences of Floral Nectar and Bee Grooming , 1986 .

[33]  D. G. Lloyd,et al.  INTRASEXUAL SELECTION AND THE SEGREGATION OF POLLEN AND STIGMAS IN HERMAPHRODITE PLANTS, EXEMPLIFIED BY WAHLENBERGIA ALBOMARGINATA (CAMPANULACEAE) , 1982, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[34]  J. Thomson,et al.  TEMPORAL VARIATION OF GENDER IN ARALIA HISPIDA VENT. (ARALIACEAE) , 1981, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[35]  D. E. Alexander,et al.  POLLINATION EFFECTIVENESS OF SPECIALIST AND GENERALIST VISITORS TO A NORTH CAROLINA POPULATION OF CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA , 1981 .

[36]  Russell B. Miller.  HAWKMOTHS AND THE GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF FLORAL VARIATION IN AQUILEGIA CAERULEA , 1981, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[37]  B. Charlesworth,et al.  Allocation of resources to male and female functions in hermaphrodites , 1981 .

[38]  D. Schemske.  Flowering Phenology and Seed Set in Claytonia virginica (Portulacaceae) , 1977 .

[39]  L. Davis,et al.  The Nest Biology of the Bee Andrena (Ptilandrena) erigeniae Robertson (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) , 1975 .

[40]  V. Grant,et al.  Flower pollination in the phlox family , 1965 .

[41]  M. Percival.  THE PRESENTATION OF POLLEN IN CERTAIN ANGIO‐SPERMS AND ITS COLLECTION BY APIS MELLIFERA , 1955 .