Intelligent coordination of demand response and secondary frequency control in multi-area power systems.

 Abstract —Frequency control is among most important issues in a power system due to increasing size, changing structure and the complexity of interconnected power systems. Increasing economic constraints for power system quality and reliability and high operational costs of generation side controllers have inclined researchers to consider demand response as an alternative for preserving system frequency during off-normal conditions. However, the main obstacle is calculating the accurate amount of load related to the value of disturbances to be manipulated, specifically in a multi-area power system. Dealing with this challenge, this paper makes an attempt to find a solution via monitoring the deviations of tie-line flows. The proposed solution calculates the magnitude of disturbances and simultaneously determines the area where disturbances occurred, to apply demand response exactly to the involved area. To address communication limitations, the impact of demand response delay on the frequency stability is investigated. Furthermore, this paper introduces a fuzzy-PI-based supervisory controller as a coordinator between the demand response and secondary frequency control avoiding large frequency overshoots/undershoots caused by the communication delays. To evaluate the proposed control scheme, simulation studies are carried out on the 10-machine New England test power system.