X-Ray Microradiography and Shadow Projection X-Ray Microscopy

The fundamental advantages of soft X rays over electrons in the examination of fine structures have been described in detail by various authors.(1−5) The oretically, x-ray microscopy provides higher resolution than light microscopy, higher penetration ability than electron microscopy, and, most importantly, x-ray microscopy promises the potential for imaging hydrated specimens. Therefore, x-ray microscopy could occupy a niche in biological research in three-dimensional imaging of samples in the resolution range of the electron microscopy but of substantially greater thickness. This would greatly simplify the observation and interpretation of three-dimensional ultrastructures of living specimens beyond the resolution limit of the light microscope.

[1]  P. Cheng,et al.  Ultra Soft X-Ray Contact Microscopy: A New Tool For Plant And Animal Cytology , 1986 .

[2]  Pierre Goby.  New Application of the X-rays: Micro-radiography , 1913 .

[3]  J. M. Soures,et al.  Submicron x‐ray lithography using laser‐produced plasma as a source , 1983 .

[4]  S. P. Newberry.  Image Capture in the Projection Shadow X-Ray Microscope , 1988 .

[5]  R Feder,et al.  High-resolution soft x-ray microscopy. , 1977, Science.

[6]  P. Cheng,et al.  Soft X-Ray Contact Microscopy and Microchemical Analysis of Biological Specimens , 1984 .

[7]  K. Evans,et al.  Development and assessment of an image intensifier for real-time X-ray microscopy. , 1986, The British journal of radiology.

[8]  J. Kirz,et al.  Studies of Calcium Distribution in Bone by Scanning X-ray Microscopy , 1987 .

[9]  P. Cheng,et al.  Recent Advances in Contact Imaging of Biological Materials , 1987 .

[10]  R Feder,et al.  Potential operating region for ultrasoft x-ray microscopy of biological materials. , 1977, Science.

[11]  A. Engström.  Quantitative Microchemical and Histochemical Analysis of Elements by X-rays , 1946, Nature.

[12]  Dale C. Flanders,et al.  Replication of 175‐Å lines and spaces in polymethylmethacrylate using x‐ray lithography , 1980 .

[13]  S. Lowenthal,et al.  Photoelectron X-Ray Microscopy: Recent Developments , 1984 .

[14]  Ping-chin Cheng,et al.  X-Ray Microscopy: Instrumentation and Biological Applications , 1987 .

[15]  S. Newberry.  History of X-ray Microscopy , 1987 .

[16]  J. Wolosewick.  The application of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to electron microscopy , 1980, The Journal of cell biology.

[17]  J. M. Soures,et al.  High X-ray conversion efficiency with target irradiation by a frequency tripled Nd : Glass laser , 1981 .

[18]  O. Wells,et al.  Examination of uncoated photoresist by the low‐loss electron method in the scanning electron microscope , 1987 .

[19]  H. A. Liebhafsky,et al.  X‐Ray Microscopy , 1961 .

[20]  S. Newberry.  The Shadow Projection Type of X-ray Microscope , 1987 .

[21]  D. Sayre,et al.  X-ray microscopy of biological objects with carbon kappa and with synchrotron radiation. , 1976, Science.

[22]  Sebastian Doniach,et al.  Synchrotron Radiation Research , 1978, Springer US.

[23]  M. Makin,et al.  NOTES: The optimum tilt angle for electron stereo-microscopy , 1970 .

[24]  K. Yada,et al.  Three-dimensional visualization of Golgi-stained neurons by a projection X-ray microscope converted from a scanning electron microscope. , 1983, Tohoku journal of experimental medicine.

[25]  R. Saunders.  Biological Applications of Projection X-Ray Microscopy , 1969 .

[26]  O. Wells.  Low‐Loss Image for Surface Scanning Electron Microscope , 1971 .

[27]  P. C. Cheng,et al.  A Simple Procedure for the Fabrication of Si3N4 Windows , 1987 .

[28]  P. C. Cheng,et al.  Microradiography With Laser-Produced Plasma Sources - Surface Roughness on PMMA Resist , 1988, Optics & Photonics.

[29]  D. Nagel.  COMPARISON OF X‐RAY SOURCES FOR EXPOSURE OF PHOTORESISTS , 1980 .

[30]  High resolution microchemical analysis using soft X-ray lithographic techniques , 1979, The Journal of cell biology.

[31]  G. Schmahl,et al.  Proposal for a Phase Contrast X-ray Microscope , 1987 .

[32]  P. Cheng,et al.  Examination of Soft X-Ray Contact Images in Photoresist by the Low-Loss Electron Method in the Scanning Electron Microscope , 1988 .