Pulsed Doppler signal processing for use in mice: applications

We have developed a high-frequency, high-resolution Doppler spectrum analyzer (DSPW) and compared its performance against an adapted clinical Medasonics spectrum analyzer (MSA) and a zero-crossing interval histogram (ZCIH) used previously by us to evaluate cardiovascular physiology in mice. The aortic velocity (means /spl plusmn/ SE: 92.7 /spl plusmn/ 2.5 versus 82.2 /spl plusmn/ 1.8 cm/s) and aortic acceleration (8194 /spl plusmn/ 319 versus 5178 /spl plusmn/ 191 cm/s/sup 2/) determined by the DSPW were significantly higher compared to those by the MSA. Aortic ejection time was shorter (48.3/spl plusmn/ 0.9 versus 64.6 /spl plusmn/ 1.8 ms) and the isovolumic relaxation was longer (17.6 /spl plusmn/ 0.6 versus 13.5 /spl plusmn/0.6 ms) when determined by the DSPW because it generates shorter temporal widths in the velocity spectra when compared to the MSA. These data indicate that the performance of the DSPW in evaluating cardiovascular physiology was better than that of the MSA. There were no significant differences between the aortic pulse wave velocity determined by using the ZCIH (391 /spl plusmn/ 16 cm/s) and the DSPW (394 /spl plusmn/ 20 cm/s). Besides monitoring cardiac function, we have used the DSPW for studying peripheral vascular physiology in normal, transgenic, and surgical models of mice. Several applications such as the detection of high stenotic jet velocities (>4 m/s), vortex shedding frequencies (250 Hz), and subtle changes in wave shapes in peripheral vessels which could not obtained with clinical Doppler systems are now made possible with the DSPW.

[1]  George E Taffet,et al.  Effect of age on peripheral vascular response to transverse aortic banding in mice. , 2003, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[2]  Craig J. Hartley,et al.  Measurement of aortic input impedance in mice , 2003 .

[3]  J Sandelski,et al.  Evaluation of ventricular and arterial hemodynamics in anesthetized closed-chest mice. , 1997, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[4]  A. Macovski,et al.  A Natural Pixel Decomposition for Two-Dimensional Image Reconstruction , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[5]  L Hatle,et al.  Non-invasive assessment of aortic stenosis by Doppler ultrasound. , 1980, British heart journal.

[6]  G. Taffet,et al.  The age-associated alterations in late diastolic function in mice are improved by caloric restriction. , 1997, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[7]  W Grossman,et al.  LV systolic performance improves with development of hypertrophy after transverse aortic constriction in mice. , 2001, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[8]  C. Tei,et al.  New non-invasive index for combined systolic and diastolic ventricular function. , 1995, Journal of Cardiology.

[9]  L L Huntsman,et al.  Noninvasive Doppler Determination of Cardiac Output in Man: Clinical Validation , 1983, Circulation.

[10]  T E Hewett,et al.  Cardiac physiology in transgenic mice. , 1998, Circulation research.

[11]  M. Entman,et al.  Noninvasive determination of pulse-wave velocity in mice. , 1997, The American journal of physiology.

[12]  T Bennett,et al.  Can pulsed Doppler technique measure changes in aortic blood flow in conscious rats? , 1990, The American journal of physiology.

[13]  J L Elion,et al.  Systematic correlation of continuous-wave Doppler and hemodynamic measurements in patients with aortic stenosis. , 1986, American heart journal.

[14]  Abraham Guz,et al.  Left Ventricular Ejection in Conscious Dogs: I. Measurement and Significance of the Maximum Acceleration of Blood from the Left Ventricle , 1966 .

[15]  George E Taffet,et al.  Myocardial infarction and remodeling in mice: effect of reperfusion. , 1999, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[16]  Natesa G Pandian,et al.  Use of pulse wave and color flow Doppler echocardiography in mouse models of human disease. , 2002, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[17]  Gunnar Klein,et al.  Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by pulsed Doppler tissue imaging in mice. , 2003, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[18]  Y X Wang,et al.  Hemodynamic changes in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. , 2000, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[19]  George E Taffet,et al.  Noninvasive cardiovascular phenotyping in mice. , 2002, ILAR journal.

[20]  S. Homma,et al.  Noninvasive assessment and necropsy validation of changes in left ventricular mass in ascending aortic banded mice. , 2000, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[21]  R. D. Latham,et al.  Regional wave travel and reflections along the human aorta: a study with six simultaneous micromanometric pressures. , 1985, Circulation.

[22]  J. Atkinson,et al.  Vascular Ca overload produced by vitamin D3 plus nicotine diminishes arterial distensibility in rats. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[23]  Sridhar Madala,et al.  Noninvasive blood pressure measurement in mice using pulsed Doppler ultrasound. , 2003, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[24]  P. Doevendans,et al.  Cardiovascular phenotyping in mice. , 1998, Cardiovascular research.

[25]  C. Hartley,et al.  Resolution of Frequency Aliases in Ultrasonic Pulsed Doppler Velocimeters , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[26]  R J Schwartz,et al.  Impaired vascular contractility and blood pressure homeostasis in the smooth muscle α‐actin null mouse , 2000, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[27]  M. Entman,et al.  Noninvasive indexes of cardiac systolic and diastolic function in hyperthyroid and senescent mouse. , 1996, The American journal of physiology.

[28]  S. Shroff,et al.  Aortic elastic properties with transesophageal echocardiography with automated border detection: validation according to regional differences between proximal and distal descending thoracic aorta. , 1996, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[29]  F Stuart Foster,et al.  Developmental changes in left and right ventricular diastolic filling patterns in mice. , 2003, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[30]  M Berger,et al.  Evaluation of aortic stenosis by continuous wave Doppler ultrasound. , 1984, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[31]  M. Entman,et al.  Noninvasive measurement of ascending aortic blood velocity in mice. , 1995, The American journal of physiology.

[32]  P. Spiller,et al.  Blood flow. , 1985, European heart journal.

[33]  A P Avolio,et al.  Effects of age on ventricular-vascular coupling. , 1985, The American journal of cardiology.

[34]  Craig J. Hartley,et al.  Doppler evaluation of peripheral vascular adaptations to transverse aortic banding in mice. , 2003 .

[35]  David Sahn,et al.  Validation of the myocardial performance index by echocardiography in mice: a noninvasive measure of left ventricular function. , 2003, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[36]  Craig J. Hartley,et al.  Pulsed Doppler signal processing for use in mice: design and evaluation , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.