Review on the progress in synthesis and application of magnetic carbon nanocomposites.

This review focuses on the synthesis and application of nanostructured composites containing magnetic nanostructures and carbon-based materials. Great progress in fabrication of magnetic carbon nanocomposites has been made by developing methods including filling process, template-based synthesis, chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal/solvothermal method, pyrolysis procedure, sol-gel process, detonation induced reaction, self-assembly method, etc. The applications of magnetic carbon nanocomposites expanded to a wide range of fields such as environmental treatment, microwave absorption, magnetic recording media, electrochemical sensor, catalysis, separation/recognization of biomolecules and drug delivery are discussed. Finally, some future trends and perspectives in this research area are outlined.

[1]  Guosong Lai,et al.  Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase by carbon-coated iron nanoparticles in combination with chitosan and cross-linking of glutaraldehyde , 2009 .

[2]  S. Curley,et al.  Targeted hyperthermia using metal nanoparticles. , 2010, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[3]  V. Adam,et al.  Easy to use and rapid isolation and detection of a viral nucleic acid by using paramagnetic microparticles and carbon nanotubes-based screen-printed electrodes , 2010 .

[4]  J. Zen,et al.  Simultaneous determination of caffeine and acetaminophen in drug formulations by square-wave voltammetry using a chemically modified electrode , 1997 .

[5]  Xiaoling Yang,et al.  Preparation and characterization of core-shell monodispersed magnetic silica microspheres , 2003 .

[6]  Fu-Shen Zhang,et al.  Arsenate removal from water using Fe3O4-loaded activated carbon prepared from waste biomass , 2010 .

[7]  G. Gabriel,et al.  Magnetic entrapment for fast, simple and reversible electrode modification with carbon nanotubes: application to dopamine detection. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[8]  M. Yudasaka,et al.  Carbon nanohorns as anticancer drug carriers. , 2005, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[9]  Y. Lin,et al.  A method for preparing ferric activated carbon composites adsorbents to remove arsenic from drinking water. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[10]  N. Wang,et al.  Adsorption of [N-(Phosphonomethyl)imino]diacetic Acid and Iminodiacetic Acid on Poly(4-vinylpyridine) , 1999 .

[11]  S. Iijima.  Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon , 1991, Nature.

[12]  S. Subramanyam,et al.  Size-dependent magnetic properties of iron carbide nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix , 2007 .

[13]  L. Gao,et al.  Preparation and characterization of biocompatible magnetic carbon nanotubes , 2010 .

[14]  Wenru Zhao,et al.  Fabrication of uniform magnetic nanocomposite spheres with a magnetic core/mesoporous silica shell structure. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[15]  A. Lu,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[16]  A. Merkoçi,et al.  Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified with Carbon Nanotubes for Electrocatalytic Magnetoswitchable Biosensing Applications , 2011 .

[17]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Molecular engineering of Surfaces Using Self-Assembled Monolayers , 2005, Science progress.

[18]  K. Raj,et al.  Commercial applications of ferrofluids , 1990 .

[19]  Peng Xu,et al.  Magnetic properties and microwave absorption properties of carbon fibers coated by Fe3O4 nanoparticles , 2010 .

[20]  Yufang Zhu,et al.  Synthesis of Magnetically Separable Porous Carbon Microspheres and Their Adsorption Properties of Phenol and Nitrobenzene from Aqueous Solution , 2008 .

[21]  G. Lu,et al.  Synthesis and dye separation performance of ferromagnetic hierarchical porous carbon , 2008 .

[22]  In Su Lee,et al.  Magnetically recyclable nanocatalyst systems for the organic reactions , 2010 .

[23]  H. A. Schreiber,et al.  Using carbon magnetic nanoparticles to target, track, and manipulate dendritic cells. , 2010, Journal of immunological methods.

[24]  Wanjin Zhang,et al.  Ultrasonic synthesis of polyaniline nanotubes containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles , 2006 .

[25]  Xiao-jie Li,et al.  Synthesis and characteristic of carbon-encapsulated ferronickel nanoparticles by detonation decomposition of doping with nitrate explosive precursors , 2010 .

[26]  X. Dong,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, and magnetic properties of carbon- and boron-oxide-encapsulated iron nanocapsules. , 2001, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[27]  Wendelin J. Stark,et al.  Gold adsorption on the carbon surface of C/Co nanoparticles allows magnetic extraction from extremely diluted aqueous solutions , 2009 .

[28]  H. Luo,et al.  Simultaneous voltammetric measurement of ascorbic acid, epinephrine and uric acid at a glassy carbon electrode modified with caffeic acid. , 2006, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[29]  Young Chun,et al.  Water-dispersible magnetite-reduced graphene oxide composites for arsenic removal. , 2010, ACS nano.

[30]  Wassana Yantasee,et al.  Phosphate removal by anion binding on functionalized nanoporous sorbents. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[31]  K. Jacob,et al.  Synthesis, Characterization, and Alignment of Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes Tethered with Maghemite Nanoparticles , 2010 .

[32]  A. Ferrari,et al.  Graphene Photonics and Optoelectroncs , 2010, CLEO 2012.

[33]  Xiuhua Zhang,et al.  Electrochemical Behavior of Herbal Antitumor Drug Aloe‐Emodin at Carbon‐Coated Nickel Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode , 2010 .

[34]  Zheng Xu,et al.  A Facile Method for Creating an Array of Metal‐Filled Carbon Nanotubes , 2002 .

[35]  Raoul Kopelman,et al.  Multifunctional nanoparticle platforms for in vivo MRI enhancement and photodynamic therapy of a rat brain cancer , 2005 .

[36]  B. Büchner,et al.  Iron filled carbon nanotubes as novel monopole-like sensors for quantitative magnetic force microscopy , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[37]  Zhongli Wang,et al.  A facile co-gelation route to synthesize FeCo/carbon nanocomposites and their application as magnetically separable adsorber , 2011 .

[38]  Encapsulation, Compensation, and Substitution of Catalyst Particles during Continuous Growth of Carbon Nanotubes , 2007, 0707.2759.

[39]  Min Han,et al.  Hollow nickel microspheres covered with oriented carbon nanotubes and its magnetic property , 2006 .

[40]  G. Vance,et al.  Surfactant-templated mesoporous silicate materials as sorbents for organic pollutants in water , 2000 .

[41]  Carl K. Hoh,et al.  Targeting and retention of magnetic targeted carriers (MTCs) enhancing intra-arterial chemotherapy , 1999 .

[42]  K. Geckeler,et al.  Removal of Hazardous Substances from Water Using Ultrafiltration in Conjunction with Soluble Polymers , 1996 .

[43]  R. Compton,et al.  The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: a review , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[44]  Jingjing Xu,et al.  Photocatalytic degradation of X-3B by titania-coated magnetic activated carbon under UV and visible irradiation , 2009 .

[45]  M. Márquez,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of magnetically active carbon nanofiber/iron oxide composites with hierarchical pore structures , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[46]  F. Kang,et al.  Soft magnetic performance improvement of Fe‐filled carbon nanotubes by water‐assisted pyrolysis route , 2007 .

[47]  Vadim V. Guliants,et al.  Recent developments in catalysis using nanostructured materials , 2009 .

[48]  Ning Gan,et al.  A Non-enzyme Amperometric Immunosensor for Rapid Determination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus p24 Based on Magnetism Controlled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Printed Electrode , 2010 .

[49]  Stanislaus S. Wong,et al.  Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as rationally designed vehicles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[50]  V. Rocher,et al.  Removal of organic dyes by magnetic alginate beads. , 2008, Water research.

[51]  C. Jérôme,et al.  An easy and economically viable route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes by magnetite nanoparticles, and their orientation in a magnetic field. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[52]  M. Yudasaka,et al.  Drug-loaded carbon nanohorns: adsorption and release of dexamethasone in vitro. , 2004, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[53]  B. Büchner,et al.  The synthesis of carbon coated Fe, Co and Ni nanoparticles and an examination of their magnetic properties , 2009 .

[54]  M. Terranova,et al.  Nanofabrication by electrochemical routes of Ni-coated ordered arrays of carbon nanotubes , 2009 .

[55]  Haihui Ye,et al.  Carbon nanotubes loaded with magnetic particles. , 2005, Nano letters.

[56]  H. Fu,et al.  Synthesis and applications of graphite carbon sphere with uniformly distributed magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MGCSs) and MGCS@Ag, MGCS@TiO2 , 2010 .

[57]  Ling Zhang,et al.  Bi2WO6@carbon/Fe3O4 microspheres: preparation, growth mechanism and application in water treatment. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[58]  X. Zou,et al.  Synthesis of iron-filled carbon nanotubes with a great excess of ferrocene and their magnetic properties , 2009 .

[59]  M. E. Williams,et al.  Controlling transport and chemical functionality of magnetic nanoparticles. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[60]  Yongfeng Li,et al.  Preparation of carbon-coated magnetic iron nanoparticles from composite rods made from coal and iron powders , 2004 .

[61]  Lang Xu,et al.  Sonochemical synthesis and photocatalysis of porous Cu2O nanospheres with controllable structures , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[62]  Jingjing Xu,et al.  A novel magnetically separable composite photocatalyst: Titania-coated magnetic activated carbon , 2008 .

[63]  Jianfeng Shen,et al.  Facile synthesis of magnetic nanoparticle–coated single‐walled carbon nanotubes and its functional modification in epoxy resin , 2010 .

[64]  Jiang Long,et al.  Hydrophilic multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with magnetite nanoparticles as lymphatic targeted drug delivery vehicles. , 2009, Chemical communications.

[65]  M. Jaroniec,et al.  Hydrogen Production by Photocatalytic Water Splitting over Pt/TiO2 Nanosheets with Exposed (001) Facets , 2010 .

[66]  S. Shylesh,et al.  Magnetically separable nanocatalysts: bridges between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[67]  D. Mittal,et al.  Magnetized carrier as novel drug delivery system , 2009 .

[68]  P. Alivisatos.  The use of nanocrystals in biological detection , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[69]  Cheng‐Chien Wang,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of magnetic cobalt ferrite/polyacrylonitrile and cobalt ferrite/carbon nanofibers by electrospinning , 2010 .

[70]  T. Okuhara,et al.  Hydrogenations of nitrate and nitrite in water over Pt–promoted Ni catalysts , 2006 .

[71]  Qingfeng Liu,et al.  Synthesis of different magnetic carbon nanostructures by the pyrolysis of ferrocene at different sublimation temperatures , 2008 .

[72]  T. Hyeon,et al.  Simple synthesis of mesoporous carbon with magnetic nanoparticles embedded in carbon rods , 2005 .

[73]  Shi-Zhao Kang,et al.  Electrodes modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes carrying Fe3O4 beads: High sensitivity to H2O2 , 2011 .

[74]  Gaosheng Zhang,et al.  CuFe2O4/activated carbon composite: a novel magnetic adsorbent for the removal of acid orange II and catalytic regeneration. , 2007, Chemosphere.

[75]  Toru Maekawa,et al.  Magnetic carbon nanotubes: synthesis by electrostatic self-assembly approach and application in biomanipulations. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[76]  Glassy carbon paste electrodes modified with polyphenol oxidase , 2002 .

[77]  Mika Sillanpää,et al.  Water purification using magnetic assistance: a review. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[78]  F. Kang,et al.  Selective microwave absorption of iron-rich carbon nanotube composites. , 2010, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[79]  Y. Chai,et al.  Fabrication of a novel glucose biosensor based on Pt nanoparticles-decorated iron oxide-multiwall carbon nanotubes magnetic composite , 2010 .

[80]  Gareth Thomas,et al.  New magnetic nanoparticles for biotechnology. , 2004, Journal of biotechnology.

[81]  Chen Zhang,et al.  Decoration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of poly(acrylic acid) functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes by covalent bonding , 2010 .

[82]  Yan Deng,et al.  Fabrication of magnetic porous pseudo-carbon paste electrode electrochemical biosensor and its application in detection of schistosoma egg antigen , 2010 .

[83]  Hongyuan Chen,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Prussian Blue Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles and Its Application to the Electrocatalytic Reduction of H2O2 , 2005 .

[84]  D. Clifford,et al.  Thermal regeneration of powdered activated carbon (pac) and pac-biological sludge mixtures , 1983 .

[85]  Jianlin Shi,et al.  Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Mesostructured γ-Fe2O3/Carbon Composites by a Co-casting Method , 2007 .

[86]  A. Lu,et al.  Highly stable carbon-protected cobalt nanoparticles and graphite shells. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[87]  I Levchenko,et al.  Single-step synthesis and magnetic separation of graphene and carbon nanotubes in arc discharge plasmas. , 2010, Nanoscale.

[88]  Xizhang Wang,et al.  Artificial Construction of the Magnetically Separable Nanocatalyst by Anchoring Pt Nanoparticles on Functionalized Carbon-Encapsulated Nickel Nanoparticles , 2008 .

[89]  J. Kong,et al.  Magnetic assembled electrochemical platform using Fe2O3 filled carbon nanotubes and enzyme , 2007 .

[90]  H. Otsuka,et al.  Polystyrene-Grafted Magnetite Nanoparticles Prepared through Surface-Initiated Nitroxyl-Mediated Radical Polymerization , 2003 .

[91]  Andrzej Huczko,et al.  Carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles as separable and mobile sorbents of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions , 2009 .

[92]  G. Zeng,et al.  Preparation, characterization, adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of novel magnetic chitosan enwrapping nanosized gamma-Fe2O3 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes with enhanced adsorption properties for methyl orange. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[93]  V. Pol,et al.  Sonochemical Deposition of Air-Stable Iron Nanoparticles on Monodispersed Carbon Spherules , 2003 .

[94]  A. B. Fuertes,et al.  Synthesis of magnetically separable adsorbents through the incorporation of protected nickel nanoparticles in an activated carbon , 2006 .

[95]  Ning Li,et al.  Nitrogen-doped magnetic onion-like carbon as support for Pt particles in a hybrid cathode catalyst for fuel cells , 2010 .

[96]  Yixue Chen,et al.  Adsorption of Eu(III) on iron oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotube magnetic composites , 2011 .

[97]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer treatment. , 2008, Cancer research.

[98]  S. Fujimaki,et al.  Preparation of ultra-thin carbon overcoat for magnetic recording medium by filtered cathodic vacuum arc technology , 2004 .

[99]  C. Mitra,et al.  Site-selective synthesis of in situ Ni-filled multi-walled carbon nanotubes using Ni(salen) as a catalyst source , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[100]  Jin Zhai,et al.  Multifunctional carbon nanofibers with conductive, magnetic and superhydrophobic properties. , 2006, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[101]  O. Duman,et al.  Adsorption of aromatic organic acids onto high area activated carbon cloth in relation to wastewater purification. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[102]  H. Hilgers,et al.  Analytical and functional characterization of ultrathin carbon coatings for future magnetic storage devices , 2003 .

[103]  S. Xiao,et al.  Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on SiO2. , 2007, Nature nanotechnology.

[104]  Jun Jin,et al.  Magnetic Fe nanoparticle functionalized water-soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubules towards the preparation of sorbent for aromatic compounds removal. , 2007, Chemical communications.

[105]  H. Dai,et al.  Room-temperature all-semiconducting sub-10-nm graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[106]  Yong Wang,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of magnetic carbon nanotube composites , 2005 .

[107]  S. Bianco,et al.  High coercivity magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotubes for low-dimensional high-density magnetic recording media , 2010 .

[108]  Q. Xue,et al.  An electrochemical strategy to incorporate iron into diamond like carbon films with magnetic properties , 2009 .

[109]  Xi‐Wen Du,et al.  Low-temperature CVD synthesis of carbon-encapsulated magnetic Ni nanoparticles with a narrow distribution of diameters , 2006 .

[110]  James F Rusling,et al.  Targeted killing of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro with EGF-directed carbon nanotube-based drug delivery. , 2009, ACS nano.

[111]  Rodney S. Ruoff,et al.  Single Crystal Metals Encapsulated in Carbon Nanoparticles , 1993, Science.

[112]  Yuan Hu,et al.  A facile method to fabricate carbon-encapsulated Fe3O4 core/shell composites , 2007, Nanotechnology.

[113]  B. Büchner,et al.  Morphology, Structural Control, and Magnetic Properties of Carbon-Coated Nanoscaled NiRu Alloys , 2010 .

[114]  Lina Zhang,et al.  High effective adsorption of organic dyes on magnetic cellulose beads entrapping activated carbon. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[115]  Wanjin Zhang,et al.  Constructing carbon-coated Fe₃O₄ microspheres as antiacid and magnetic support for palladium nanoparticles for catalytic applications. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[116]  S. Tsang,et al.  Carbon‐Decorated FePt Nanoparticles , 2007 .

[117]  Jianlong Wang,et al.  Radiation-induced catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles , 2010 .

[118]  W. Xiaohong,et al.  Preparation and magnetic behavior of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles by detonation method , 2009 .

[119]  F. Ko,et al.  Electromagnetic properties of electrospun Fe3O4/carbon composite nanofibers , 2011 .

[120]  Z. Sheng,et al.  Solid-Phase Synthesis of Carbon-Encapsulated Magnetic Nanoparticles , 2007 .

[121]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Preparation and characterization of nanomaterials for sustainable energy production. , 2010, ACS nano.

[122]  S. Majetich,et al.  Superparamagnetism in carbon-coated Co particles produced by the Kratschmer carbon arc process. , 1994, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[123]  Wei Chen,et al.  Enhanced ethanol production inside carbon-nanotube reactors containing catalytic particles. , 2007, Nature materials.

[124]  Kang Li,et al.  Amperometric tyrosinase biosensor based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles-coated carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for rapid detection of coliforms , 2009 .

[125]  Bichun Huang,et al.  Low-temperature SCR of NO with NH3 over CeO2 supported on modified activated carbon fibers , 2011 .

[126]  C. Sangregorio,et al.  Nanocrystalline iron–cobalt alloys supported on a silica matrix prepared by the sol–gel method , 2001 .

[127]  H. Dai,et al.  Soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes as longboat delivery systems for platinum(IV) anticancer drug design. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[128]  D. Bardos.  Mean Magnetic Moments in bcc Fe–Co Alloys , 1969 .

[129]  Guoan Luo,et al.  Electrocatalytic response of norepinephrine at a β-cyclodextrin incorporated carbon nanotube modified electrode , 2004 .

[130]  Yuyan Shao,et al.  Layer-by-layer assembled hybrid film of carbon nanotubes/iron oxide nanocrystals for reagentless electrochemical detection of H2O2 , 2009 .

[131]  Qianwang Chen,et al.  Synthesis of carbon-encapsulated superparamagnetic colloidal nanoparticles with magnetic-responsive photonic crystal property. , 2010, Dalton transactions.

[132]  Xiuhua Zhang,et al.  Electrochemical studies of bovine serum albumin immobilization onto the poly-o-phenylenediamine and carbon-coated nickel composite film and its interaction with papaverine , 2011 .

[133]  Filip Braet,et al.  Carbon nanomaterials in biosensors: should you use nanotubes or graphene? , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[134]  J. Yoo,et al.  Efficient enrichment and desalting of protein digests using magnetic mesocellular carbon foams in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. , 2007, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[135]  Weilu Liu,et al.  Fabrication of New Magnetic Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) Grafted Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Heterocyclic Compound Modified Electrode for Electrochemical Sensor , 2010 .

[136]  S. Dai,et al.  A simple method to ordered mesoporous carbons containing nickel nanoparticles , 2009 .

[137]  M. J. van den Bent,et al.  Weekly high-dose cisplatin is a feasible treatment option: analysis on prognostic factors for toxicity in 400 patients , 2003, British Journal of Cancer.

[138]  Ji-ming Zhang,et al.  Electromagnetic and microwave absorbing properties of Co-filled carbon nanotubes , 2010 .

[139]  Fumin Zhang,et al.  Comparison Study on the Adsorption of CFC-115 and HFC-125 on Activated Carbon and Silicalite-1 , 2010 .

[140]  Qingxiang Zeng,et al.  Electrochemistry of norepinephrine on carbon-coated nickel magnetic nanoparticles modified electrode and analytical applications. , 2010, Bioelectrochemistry.

[141]  J. N. Wang,et al.  Synthesis of carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles with giant coercivity by a spray pyrolysis approach. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[142]  S. Goodwin,et al.  Single-dose toxicity study of hepatic intra-arterial infusion of doxorubicin coupled to a novel magnetically targeted drug carrier. , 2001, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[143]  J. Jang,et al.  Size control of magnetic carbon nanoparticles for drug delivery. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[144]  X. Xia,et al.  Simultaneous voltammetric determination of norepinephrine, ascorbic acid and uric acid on polycalconcarboxylic acid modified glassy carbon electrode. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[145]  Yuhei Yamamoto,et al.  Single wall carbon nanohorn as a drug carrier for controlled release , 2008 .

[146]  J. Kong,et al.  Magnetic loading of carbon nanotube/nano-Fe(3)O(4) composite for electrochemical sensing. , 2007, Talanta.

[147]  Christina Graf,et al.  A General Method To Coat Colloidal Particles with Silica , 2003 .

[148]  Ya-qiong Wang,et al.  Electro-catalytic degradation of phenol on several metal-oxide anodes. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[149]  F. Meng,et al.  A novel carbon nanotubes/Fe3O4 inorganic hybrid material: Synthesis, characterization and microwave electromagnetic properties , 2011 .

[150]  S. Tsang,et al.  Syntheses of carbon encapsulated magnetic FeNi nanoparticle via decompositions of methane and benzene , 2006 .

[151]  Y. Wan,et al.  Facile synthesis and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of magnetic carbon fiber coated with Fe–Co alloy by electroplating , 2011 .

[152]  Toshiaki Natsuki,et al.  Carbon nanotubes/magnetite hybrids prepared by a facile synthesis process and their magnetic properties , 2009 .

[153]  Y. Shim,et al.  A sensor for acetaminophen in a blood medium using a Cu(II)-conducting polymer complex modified electrode , 2004 .

[154]  Yan Deng,et al.  Carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles produced by hydrothermal reaction , 2007 .

[155]  Xiuhua Zhang,et al.  Direct determination of brucine by square wave voltammetry on 4-amino-2-mercaptopyrimidine self-assembled monolayer gold electrode. , 2004, Bioelectrochemistry.

[156]  Huaihe Song,et al.  Preparation of carbon-encapsulated metal magnetic nanoparticles by an instant pyrolysis method , 2010 .

[157]  Dong Yang,et al.  Controlled Synthesis of Magnetite−Silica Nanocomposites via a Seeded Sol−Gel Approach , 2009 .

[158]  Urs O. Häfeli,et al.  Scientific and clinical applications of magnetic carriers , 1997 .

[159]  Yang Xu,et al.  Carbon-covered magnetic nanomaterials and their application for the thermolysis of cancer cells , 2010, International journal of nanomedicine.

[160]  H. Orikasa,et al.  Template synthesis of water-dispersible and magnetically responsive carbon nano test tubes. , 2008, Chemical communications.

[161]  Xiangcheng Sun,et al.  Investigations on magnetic properties and structure for carbon encapsulated nanoparticles of Fe, Co, Ni , 2000 .

[162]  L. Khenniche,et al.  Adsorptive Removal of Phenol by Coffee Residue Activated Carbon and Commercial Activated Carbon: Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics , 2010 .

[163]  Y. Saito,et al.  Iron particles nesting in carbon cages grown by arc discharge , 1993 .

[164]  J. Kong,et al.  Magnetic removal of dyes from aqueous solution using multi-walled carbon nanotubes filled with Fe2O3 particles. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[165]  C. Liang,et al.  Mesoporous carbon materials: synthesis and modification. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[166]  M. Zborowski,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticle drug carriers and their study by quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation. , 2009, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[167]  Jae-Hung Han,et al.  Microwave absorbing hybrid composites containing Ni–Fe coated carbon nanofibers prepared by electroless plating , 2011 .

[168]  K. Carpenter,et al.  Substituted carborane-appended water-soluble single-wall carbon nanotubes: new approach to boron neutron capture therapy drug delivery. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[169]  Jie Chen,et al.  Magnetic carbon nanotube labelling for haematopoietic stem/progenitor cell tracking , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[170]  O. Miura,et al.  Removal of less biodegradable dissolved organic matters in water by superconducting magnetic separation with magnetic mesoporous carbon , 2010 .

[171]  D. Carroll,et al.  Rapid photothermal intracellular drug delivery using multiwalled carbon nanotubes. , 2009, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[172]  Martha A. Grover,et al.  Optimization of a Chemical Vapor Deposition Process Using Sequential Experimental Design , 2010 .

[173]  Younan Xia,et al.  Superparamagnetic Colloids: Controlled Synthesis and Niche Applications , 2007 .

[174]  Y. Qian,et al.  Formation, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of Fe3O4 Nanowires Encapsulated in Carbon Microtubes , 2004 .

[175]  Scott Goodwin,et al.  Intravesical administration of doxorubicin to swine bladder using magnetically targeted carriers , 2003, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology.

[176]  Ralph Weissleder,et al.  Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[177]  G. Joly,et al.  Adsorption and Competitive Adsorption on Zeolites of Nitrophenol Compounds Present in Wastewater , 2008 .

[178]  A. S. Moharir,et al.  Selective Adsorption of Oxygen over Argon in Alkaline-Earth-Metal Cation-Exchanged Zeolite X , 2010 .

[179]  M. Fujii,et al.  Formation of Co filled carbon nanocapsules by metal-template graphitization of diamond nanoparticles , 2000 .

[180]  Limin Guo,et al.  Hollow mesoporous carbon spheres with magnetic cores and their performance as separable bilirubin adsorbents. , 2009, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[181]  R. Ryoo,et al.  Synthesis of magnetically separable ordered mesoporous carbons using furfuryl alcohol and cobalt nitrate in a silica template , 2006 .

[182]  J. Jang,et al.  Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on nitrogen-doped magnetic carbon nanoparticles and their enhanced activity for methanol oxidation , 2007 .

[183]  Deren Yang,et al.  Carbon Nanocapsules as Nanoreactors for Controllable Synthesis of Encapsulated Iron and Iron Oxides: Magnetic Properties and Reversible Lithium Storage , 2011 .

[184]  Zhongbo Zhang,et al.  Assembly of magnetic nanospheres into one-dimensional nanostructured carbon hybrid materials. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[185]  B. Ross,et al.  Targeted imaging and therapy of brain cancer using theranostic nanoparticles. , 2010, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[186]  J. Jang,et al.  Nitrogen-doped magnetic carbon nanoparticles as catalyst supports for efficient recovery and recycling. , 2007, Chemical communications.

[187]  Xiao-jie Li,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of carbon-encapsulated iron/iron carbide nanoparticles by a detonation method , 2010 .

[188]  Xing Wei,et al.  Activated carbon/CoFe2O4 composites: Facile synthesis, magnetic performance and their potential application for the removal of malachite green from water , 2010 .

[189]  Shengfu Wang,et al.  Carbon-coated nickel magnetic nanoparticles modified electrodes as a sensor for determination of acetaminophen , 2007 .

[190]  Zhidong Zhang,et al.  Characterization and magnetic properties of carbon-coated cobalt nanocapsules synthesized by the chemical vapor-condensation process , 2003 .

[191]  Electrochemical characterization of core-shell carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles , 2009 .

[192]  Y. Ling,et al.  Synthesis of a hybrid material consisting of magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes as a gas adsorbent , 2010 .

[193]  J. Jang,et al.  Fabrication of polyimide nanotubes and carbon nanotubes containing magnetic iron oxide in confinement. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[194]  Di Zhang,et al.  Synthesis and properties of magnetic Fe3O4-activated carbon nanocomposite particles for dye removal , 2008 .

[195]  Moses O. Tadé,et al.  Activated carbon supported cobalt catalysts for advanced oxidation of organic contaminants in aqueous solution , 2010 .

[196]  Y. Qian,et al.  Shape-controlled synthesis and their magnetic properties of hexapod-like, flake-like and chain-like carbon-encapsulated Fe3O4 core/shell composites , 2010 .

[197]  Y. Mortazavi,et al.  Fast and clean functionalization of carbon nanotubes by dielectric barrier discharge plasma in air compared to acid treatment , 2010 .

[198]  Qing Yang,et al.  Selective Synthesis of Magnetic Fe2P/C and FeP/C Core/Shell Nanocables , 2010 .

[199]  A. Hütten,et al.  Applications beyond data storage , 2005, Nature materials.

[200]  H. Dai,et al.  Targeted single-wall carbon nanotube-mediated Pt(IV) prodrug delivery using folate as a homing device. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[201]  Xiangke Wang,et al.  Europium adsorption on multiwall carbon nanotube/iron oxide magnetic composite in the presence of polyacrylic acid. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[202]  Valérie Cabuil,et al.  Magnetic nano- and microparticles for metal removal and environmental applications: a review , 2005 .

[203]  Malcolm L. H. Green,et al.  CCVD Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt-Encapsulated Nanoparticles , 2002 .

[204]  D. Lozano‐Castelló,et al.  Powdered Activated Carbons and Activated Carbon Fibers for Methane Storage: A Comparative Study , 2002 .

[205]  Bin Wang,et al.  Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposite as adsorbent. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[206]  Fangqiong Tang,et al.  High‐Density Magnetite Nanoparticles Located in Carbon Hollow Microspheres with Good Dispersibility and Durability: Their One‐Pot Preparation and Magnetic Properties , 2009 .

[207]  Ruo-Fei Hu,et al.  Electrochemical study of brucine on an electrode modified with magnetic carbon-coated nickel nanoparticles , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[208]  R. Grass,et al.  Suzuki cross-coupling reactions on the surface of carbon-coated cobalt: expanding the applicability of core-shell nano-magnets. , 2008, Chemical Communications.

[209]  Jingjing Xu,et al.  A simple route for the preparation of anatase titania-coated magnetic porous carbons with enhanced photocatalytic activity , 2008 .

[210]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[211]  Amit Bhatnagar,et al.  A comparative adsorption study with different industrial wastes as adsorbents for the removal of cationic dyes from water. , 2005, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[212]  Chunlei Zhu,et al.  Carbon nanotubes-iron oxides magnetic composites as adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from water , 2005 .

[213]  Xinhua Lin,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of poly(eriochrome black T) modified glassy carbon electrode and its application to simultaneous determination of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid , 2007 .

[214]  P. Stell,et al.  Cisplatin-albumin complex for treatment of cancer of the head and neck , 1992, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[215]  Yunqi Liu,et al.  A magnetism-assisted chemical vapor deposition method to produce branched or iron-encapsulated carbon nanotubes. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[216]  Taeghwan Hyeon,et al.  Preparation of a magnetically switchable bio-electrocatalytic system employing cross-linked enzyme aggregates in magnetic mesocellular carbon foam. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[217]  D. Shi.  Integrated Multifunctional Nanosystems for Medical Diagnosis and Treatment , 2009 .

[218]  Shaoqi Zhou,et al.  Titania deposited on soft magnetic activated carbon as a magnetically separable photocatalyst with enhanced activity , 2010 .

[219]  Jingjing Xu,et al.  Magnetically separable composite photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[220]  X. Su,et al.  Carbon-stabilized iron nanoparticles for environmental remediation. , 2010, Nanoscale.

[221]  Hongjie Dai,et al.  Supramolecular Chemistry on Water- Soluble Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Loading and Delivery , 2007 .

[222]  V. Garg,et al.  Activated carbon / iron oxide magnetic composites for the adsorption of contaminants in water , 2002 .

[223]  N. He,et al.  Synthesis and characteristics of carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles produced by a hydrothermal reaction , 2006 .

[224]  M. Kaminski,et al.  Extractant-coated magnetic particles for cobalt and nickel recovery from acidic solution , 1999 .

[225]  Jing Sun,et al.  Self-assembly of magnetite beads along multiwalled carbon nanotubes via a simple hydrothermal process , 2007 .

[226]  M. Bystrzejewski,et al.  Comparative study of heavy metal ions sorption onto activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles , 2010 .

[227]  D. L. Williamson,et al.  Preparation, characterization, and performance of magnetic iron-carbon composite microparticles for chemotherapy. , 2000, Biomaterials.

[228]  Bin Zhao,et al.  The preparation of polypyrrole–Fe3O4 nanocomposites by the use of common ion effect , 2003 .

[229]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Beyond molecules: Self-assembly of mesoscopic and macroscopic components , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[230]  Xiao-jie Li,et al.  A simple detonation technique to synthesize carbon-coated cobalt , 2009 .

[231]  Jun Hu,et al.  Adsorption behavior of multiwall carbon nanotube/iron oxide magnetic composites for Ni(II) and Sr(II). , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[232]  Yuanyuan Luo,et al.  Synthesis of mesoporous carbon capsules encapsulated with magnetite nanoparticles and their application in wastewater treatment , 2011 .

[233]  K. Köhler,et al.  Suzuki Coupling Reactions in Pure Water Catalyzed by Supported Palladium – Relevance of the Surface Polarity of the Support , 2011 .

[234]  Hongjie Dai,et al.  Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties. , 2002, Accounts of chemical research.

[235]  D. Leslie-Pelecky,et al.  Iron oxide nanoparticles for sustained delivery of anticancer agents. , 2005, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[236]  Feng Zhao,et al.  Facile synthesis of porous Fe7Co3/carbon nanocomposites and their applications as magnetically separable adsorber and catalyst support. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[237]  Controlled synthesis of core/shell magnetic iron oxide/carbon systems via a self-template method , 2009 .