Cultivating a resilient top management team: The importance of relational connections and strategic decision comprehensiveness

Despite growing research interest in both top management team (TMT) processes and resilience in organizations, these two streams of research have remained largely separate, let alone fully developed. In this study, we examine whether and why relational connections marked by connectivity facilitate strategic decision comprehensiveness, and cultivate two forms of TMT resilience that capture both efficacious beliefs and adaptive capacity. Based on a sample of 74 TMTs, the findings of this study indicate that (1) connectivity is positively related to strategic decision comprehensiveness, (2) strategic decision comprehensiveness is positively associated with both forms of TMT resilience, and (3) connectivity is indirectly, through strategic decision comprehensiveness, related to both TMT resilience–efficacious beliefs and TMT resilience–adaptive capacity. These findings have direct implications for research on TMTs, decision-making processes, and resilience by specifying the ways in which relational connections help build capacities in senior executive teams.

[1]  Andrew Pettigrew,et al.  On studying managerial elites , 1992 .

[2]  J. Alexander,et al.  Leadership competencies for implementing planned organizational change , 2010 .

[3]  Brent Davies,et al.  Strategic leadership , 2004 .

[4]  D. Hambrick,et al.  Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views of organizational outcomes. , 1987 .

[5]  Joel A. C. Baum,et al.  Survival-enhancing learning in the Manhattan hotel industry , 1998 .

[6]  T. Mitchell,et al.  Strategic Decision Processes: Comprehensiveness and Performance in an Industry with an Unstable Environment , 1984 .

[7]  H. P. Sims,et al.  Top Management Team Demography and Process: The Role of Social Integration and Communication , 1994 .

[8]  P. Bliese Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. , 2000 .

[9]  Terry S. Overton,et al.  Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys , 1977 .

[10]  Pamela R. Haunschild,et al.  Learning from Complexity: Effects of Prior Accidents and Incidents on Airlines' Learning , 2002 .

[11]  Michael L. Tushman,et al.  Navigating Change: How CEO's, Top Teams and Boards Steer Transformation , 1998 .

[12]  Paul C. Nutt Expanding the search for alternatives during strategic decision-making , 2004 .

[13]  K. Cameron,et al.  Relationships, Layoffs, and Organizational Resilience , 2006 .

[14]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  Data analysis in social psychology. , 1998 .

[15]  W. Starbuck,et al.  Organization at the limit : lessons from the Columbia disaster , 2005 .

[16]  J. Simons,et al.  Moderation of Resource Depletion in the Self-Control Strength Model: Differing Effects of Two Modes of Self-Control , 2009, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[17]  Jerry Fjermestad,et al.  Challenging Group Support Systems Research: The Case for Strategic Decision Making , 1997 .

[18]  J. Dutton,et al.  Positive organizational scholarship : foundations of a new discipline , 2003 .

[19]  G. Spreitzer,et al.  Trust, Connectivity, and Thriving: Implications for Innovative Behaviors at Work , 2009 .

[20]  Kathleen M. Eisenhardt,et al.  Strategy as Strategic Decision Making , 1999 .

[21]  Emily S. Patterson,et al.  Collaborative cross-checking to enhance resilience , 2005, Cognition, Technology & Work.

[22]  David A. Nadler,et al.  A Diagnostic Model for Organizational Behavior , 1977 .

[23]  K. Eisenhardt,et al.  The Art of Continuous Change : Linking Complexity Theory and Time-Paced Evolution in Relentlessly Shifting Organizations , 1997 .

[24]  S. Fiske,et al.  The Handbook of Social Psychology , 1935 .

[25]  Liisa Välikangas,et al.  The quest for resilience. , 2003, Harvard business review.

[26]  C. C. Miller,et al.  Decisional comprehensiveness and firm performance: towards a more complete understanding , 2008 .

[27]  B. R. Ragins,et al.  Positive Relationships at Work: An Introduction and Invitation. , 2007 .

[28]  William G. Egelhoff Information-Processing Theory and the Multinational Enterprise , 1991 .

[29]  E. Powley Reclaiming resilience and safety: Resilience activation in the critical period of crisis , 2009 .

[30]  Barbara S. Lawrence,et al.  Perspective---The Black Box of Organizational Demography , 1997 .

[31]  R. Brislin The wording and translation of research instruments. , 1986 .

[32]  Erik Hollnagel,et al.  Joint Cognitive Systems: Patterns in Cognitive Systems Engineering , 2006 .

[33]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  The Structure of "Unstructured" Decision Processes , 1976 .

[34]  Inés Tomás,et al.  Leadership and employees' perceived safety behaviours in a nuclear power plant: A structural equation model , 2011 .

[35]  David D. Woods,et al.  Hollnagel’s test: being ‘in control’ of highly interdependent multi-layered networked systems , 2010, Cognition, Technology & Work.

[36]  D. Keaster,et al.  at the annual meeting of the Mid-South , 1988 .

[37]  Daniel P. Forbes Reconsidering the Strategic Implications of Decision Comprehensiveness , 2007 .

[38]  S. Kobasa,et al.  Effectiveness of hardiness, exercise and social support as resources against illness. , 1985, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[39]  D. Woods,et al.  Gaps in the continuity of care and progress on patient safety , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[40]  Colin Eden,et al.  Group Decision and Negotiation in Strategy Making , 2001 .

[41]  M. Losada,et al.  The complex dynamics of high performance teams , 1999 .

[42]  Abraham Carmeli,et al.  How Learning Leadership and Organizational Learning from Failures Enhance Perceived Organizational Capacity to Adapt to the Task Environment , 2008 .

[43]  M. Lubatkin,et al.  Ambidexterity and Performance in Small-to Medium-Sized Firms: The Pivotal Role of Top Management Team Behavioral Integration , 2006 .

[44]  K. Eisenhardt,et al.  Strategic decision processes in high velocity environments: four cases in the microcomputer industry , 1988 .

[45]  C. Lindblom THE SCIENCE OF MUDDLING THROUGH , 1959 .

[46]  Murray R. Barrick,et al.  The Moderating Role of Top Management Team Interdependence: Implications for Real Teams and Working Groups , 2007 .

[47]  Jane E. Dutton,et al.  Energize Your Workplace: How to Create and Sustain High-Quality Connections at Work , 2003 .

[48]  Matthew S. Fritz,et al.  Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN , 2007, Behavior research methods.

[49]  B. Lawrence The Black Box of Organizational Demography , 1997 .

[50]  Roy Gelbard,et al.  The importance of innovation leadership in cultivating strategic fit and enhancing firm performance , 2010 .

[51]  Cynthia A. Lengnick-Hall,et al.  Adaptive Fit Versus Robust Transformation: How Organizations Respond to Environmental Change , 2005 .

[52]  M. Sobel Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models , 1982 .

[53]  P. Jarzabkowski,et al.  Harnessing diversity and collective action in the top management team , 2004 .

[54]  K. Weick,et al.  Organizing for high reliability: Processes of collective mindfulness. , 1999 .

[55]  K. Atuahene–Gima,et al.  Strategic Decision Comprehensiveness and New Product Development Outcomes in New Technology Ventures , 2004 .

[56]  J. Lygeros,et al.  Decision Making I , 2014 .

[57]  Nicolaj Siggelkow Evolution toward Fit , 2002 .

[58]  Eric Abrahamson,et al.  Assessing Managerial Discretion across Industries: A Multimethod Approach , 1995 .

[59]  William A. Kahn Holding Environments at Work , 2001 .

[60]  S. Kozlowski,et al.  Work Groups and Teams in Organizations , 2003 .

[61]  Ranjay Gulati,et al.  Reorganize for Resilience: Putting Customers at the Center of Your Business , 2010 .

[62]  Kim S. Cameron,et al.  Effects of Positive Practices on Organizational Effectiveness , 2011 .

[63]  A. Edmondson Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams , 1999 .

[64]  B. Fredrickson The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. , 2001, The American psychologist.

[65]  Véronique Ambrosini,et al.  Using Single Respondents in Strategy Research , 1997 .

[66]  J. J. Cutuli,et al.  Resilience in Development , 2009 .

[67]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[68]  Timothy J. Vogus,et al.  Organizing For Resilience , 2003 .

[69]  C. Carver Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. , 2010 .

[70]  James W. Dean,et al.  PROCEDURAL RATIONALITY IN THE STRATEGIC DECISION‐MAKING PROCESS* , 1993 .

[71]  Lyman W. Porter,et al.  Perspectives on behavior in organizations , 1977 .

[72]  Abraham Carmeli,et al.  Top management team behavioral integration, decision quality, and organizational decline , 2006 .

[73]  David Woods,et al.  Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts , 2006 .

[74]  Emily D. Heaphy,et al.  The Role of Positivity and Connectivity in the Performance of Business Teams , 2004 .

[75]  Jens Rasmussen,et al.  Cognitive Systems Engineering , 2022 .

[76]  Geraldine Fitzpatrick,et al.  Muddling Through , 1997, Cosmopolitan Conservatisms.

[77]  J. Berry,et al.  Field Methods in Cross-Cultural Research , 1986 .

[78]  Peter J. Frost,et al.  Explaining Compassion Organizing , 2006 .

[79]  J. Fredrickson The Comprehensiveness of Strategic Decision Processes: Extension, Observations, Future Directions , 1984 .

[80]  M. D. Dunnette Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , 2005 .

[81]  David D. Woods,et al.  Distant Supervision–Local Action Given the Potential for Surprise , 2000, Cognition, Technology & Work.

[82]  G. Bonanno Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? , 2008, The American psychologist.

[83]  Tammy L. Rapp,et al.  Team Effectiveness 1997-2007: A Review of Recent Advancements and a Glimpse Into the Future , 2008 .

[84]  R. Duane Ireland,et al.  Decision-making and firm success , 2004 .

[85]  A. Jackson Resilience: Discovering a New Strength at Times of Stress , 1989 .

[86]  A. Edmondson Speaking Up in the Operating Room: How Team Leaders Promote Learning in Interdisciplinary Action Teams , 2003 .

[87]  Sally Maitlis,et al.  Understanding compassion capability , 2011 .

[88]  B. Chakravarthy Adaptation: A Promising Metaphor for Strategic Management , 1982 .

[89]  Gilad Chen,et al.  Validation of a New General Self-Efficacy Scale , 2001 .

[90]  Zeki Simsek,et al.  Modeling the Multilevel Determinants of Top Management Team Behavioral Integration , 2005 .

[91]  Abraham Carmeli,et al.  Organisational Crisis- Preparedness: The Importance of Learning from Failures , 2008 .

[92]  Christine Chauvin,et al.  How Good Micro/Macro Ergonomics May Improve Resilience, but Not Necessarily Safety , 2009 .

[93]  P. Nystrom,et al.  To Avoid Organizational Crises, Unlearn , 1984 .

[94]  E. Langer,et al.  The Construct of Mindfulness , 2000 .

[95]  J. Dutton,et al.  Positive Organizational Scholarship , 2007 .

[96]  Charles A. O'Reilly,et al.  How leadership matters: The effects of leaders' alignment on strategy implementation , 2010 .

[97]  Meyrav Yitzack Halevi,et al.  Beyond the red tape: How victims of terrorism perceive and react to organizational responses to their suffering , 2011 .

[98]  M. Zimmerman,et al.  Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. , 2005, Annual review of public health.

[99]  Louise K. Comfort,et al.  Risk and Resilience: Inter‐organizational Learning Following the Northridge Earthquake of 17 January 1994 , 1994 .

[100]  A. Bandura Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[101]  Matthew S. Kraatz,et al.  Modeling the dynamics of strategic fit: a normative approach to strategic change , 2000 .

[102]  L. James Aggregation Bias in Estimates of Perceptual Agreement. , 1982 .

[103]  J. Sinacore Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions , 1993 .

[104]  D. Hambrick,et al.  FACTIONAL GROUPS: A NEW VANTAGE ON DEMOGRAPHIC FAULTLINES, CONFLICT, AND DISINTEGRATION IN WORK TEAMS , 2005 .

[105]  A. Carmeli,et al.  Capture, governance, and resilience: strategy implications from the history of Rome , 2011 .

[106]  Danny Miller,et al.  Psychological and Traditional Determinants of Structure. , 1986 .

[107]  William A. Kahn Meaningful Connections: Positive Relationships and Attachments at Work. , 2007 .

[108]  Donald C. Hambrick,et al.  Corporate coherence and the TOP management team , 1997 .

[109]  Steve W. J. Kozlowski,et al.  Team learning, development, and adaptation , 2008 .

[110]  J. Dutton,et al.  Exploring positive relationships at work : building a theoretical and research foundation , 2007 .

[111]  B. Fredrickson,et al.  Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. , 2004, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[112]  Karl E. Weick,et al.  Managing the unexpected: Assuring high performance in an age of complexity. , 2001 .

[113]  D. Hambrick,et al.  Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers , 1984 .

[114]  Rolph E. Anderson,et al.  Multivariate Data Analysis: Text and Readings , 1979 .

[115]  Jeffrey A. Sonnenfeld,et al.  EXPLORING ANTECEDENTS TO TOP MANAGEMENT TEAM CONFLICT: THE IMPORTANCE OF BEHAVIORAL INTEGRATION. , 2001 .