Analyzing Transient Turbulence in a Stenosed Carotid Artery by Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

High-resolution three-dimensional simulations (involving 100 million degrees of freedom) were employed to study transient turbulent flow in a carotid arterial bifurcation with a stenosed internal carotid artery (ICA). The geometrical model was reconstructed from MRI images, and in vivo velocity measurements were incorporated in the simulations to provide inlet and outlet boundary conditions. Due to the high degree of the ICA occlusion and the variable flow rate, a transitional and intermittent flow between laminar and turbulent states was established. Time- and space-window proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was applied to quantify the different flow regimes in the occluded artery. A simplified version of the POD analysis that utilizes 2D slices only—more appropriate in the clinical setting—was also investigated.

[1]  V. A. Krasil’nikov,et al.  Atmospheric turbulence and radio-wave propagation , 1962 .

[2]  D. Chungcharoen,et al.  GENESIS OF KOROTKOFF SOUNDS. , 1964, The American journal of physiology.

[3]  R. A. Bajura,et al.  Transition in a two-dimensional plane wall jet , 1975, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[4]  D. Giddens,et al.  Disorder distal to modeled stenoses in steady and pulsatile flow. , 1978, Journal of biomechanics.

[5]  C Clark,et al.  The propagation of turbulence produced by a stenosis. , 1980, Journal of biomechanics.

[6]  D. Ku,et al.  Pulsatile Flow and Atherosclerosis in the Human Carotid Bifurcation: Positive Correlation between Plaque Location and Low and Oscillating Shear Stress , 1985, Arteriosclerosis.

[7]  L. Sirovich.  Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. I. Coherent structures , 1987 .

[8]  L. Sirovich.  Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. III. Dynamics and scaling , 1987 .

[9]  S. Orszag,et al.  High-order splitting methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations , 1991 .

[10]  P. Holmes,et al.  The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition in the Analysis of Turbulent Flows , 1993 .

[11]  A. Fox,et al.  Can Bruits Distinguish High-Grade from Moderate Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis? , 1994, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[12]  Michael Manhart,et al.  Vortex Shedding from a Hemisphere in a Turbulent Boundary Layer , 1998 .

[13]  Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann,et al.  The SPHERIGON: a simple polygon patch for smoothing quickly your polygonal meshes , 1998, Proceedings Computer Animation '98 (Cat. No.98EX169).

[14]  G. Karniadakis,et al.  Spectral/hp Element Methods for CFD , 1999 .

[15]  D. Holdsworth,et al.  Characterization of common carotid artery blood-flow waveforms in normal human subjects , 1999, Physiological measurement.

[16]  P R Hoskins,et al.  MRI measurement of wall shear stress vectors in bifurcation models and comparison with CFD predictions , 2001, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[17]  M. A. Casarin,et al.  Low-energy basis preconditioning for elliptic substructured solvers based on unstructured spectral/ hp element discretization , 2001 .

[18]  D. Saloner,et al.  Numerical analysis of flow through a severely stenotic carotid artery bifurcation. , 2002, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[19]  George Em Karniadakis,et al.  De-aliasing on non-uniform grids: algorithms and applications , 2003 .

[20]  D Saloner,et al.  Experimental flow studies in exact-replica phantoms of atherosclerotic carotid bifurcations under steady input conditions. , 2003, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[21]  D. Holdsworth,et al.  Flow Patterns at the Stenosed Carotid Bifurcation: Effect of Concentric versus Eccentric Stenosis , 2000, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[22]  S. Sherwin,et al.  Three-dimensional instabilities of steady and pulsatile axisymmetric stenotic flow , 2004 .

[23]  Spencer J. Sherwin,et al.  Three-dimensional instabilities and transition of steady and pulsatile axisymmetric stenotic flows , 2005, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[24]  G. Karniadakis,et al.  DNS of flow in stenosed carotid artery , 2006 .

[25]  W. Welkowitz,et al.  Dynamics of the sounds caused by partially occluded femoral arteries in dogs , 1994, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[26]  George E. Karniadakis,et al.  A Reconstruction Method for Gappy and Noisy Arterial Flow Data , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[27]  Francis Loth,et al.  Intravascular Turbulence in a Diseased Carotid Bifurcation: Numerical Study , 2007 .

[28]  A. Hughes,et al.  Analysis of complex flow and the relationship between blood pressure, wall shear stress, and intima-media thickness in the human carotid artery. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[29]  P. Fischer,et al.  Simulation of high-Reynolds number vascular flows , 2007 .

[30]  P. Fischer,et al.  Direct numerical simulation of stenotic flows. Part 2. Pulsatile flow , 2007, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[31]  E. Konofagou,et al.  A composite high-frame-rate system for clinical cardiovascular imaging , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[32]  G. Karniadakis,et al.  Outflow Boundary Conditions for Arterial Networks with Multiple Outlets , 2008, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[33]  Spencer J. Sherwin,et al.  Parallel performance of the coarse space linear vertex solver and low energy basis preconditioner for spectral/hp elements , 2009, Parallel Comput..

[34]  G. Woodruff,et al.  BLOOD FLOW IN ARTERIES , 2009 .