Contextual Challenges to Dual-Language Education: A Case Study of a Developing Middle School Program.

This article describes how a team of urban middle school educators in Philadelphia were developing a dual-language program to address the needs of their low-income, predominantly Puerto Rican population. It demonstrates how the structural, sociolinguistic, and ideological context influenced the way that this bilingual program functioned on the local level, and it challenges the dichotomous thinking that characterizes most discussions of bilingual education.

[1]  Pam McCollum.  Language Use in Two-Way Bilingual Programs. , 1994 .

[2]  P. Bourdieu.  The economics of linguistic exchanges , 1977 .

[3]  Sheila M. Shannon.  The hegemony of English: A case study of one bilingual classroom as a site of resistance , 1995 .

[4]  Arturo Morales Carrión,et al.  Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History , 1983 .

[5]  J. Crawford.  Best Evidence: Research Foundations of the Bilingual Education Act. NCBE Report. , 1997 .

[6]  Carole Edelsky,et al.  Writing in a Bilingual Program: Habia Una Vez , 1986 .

[7]  K. Woolard.  language variation and cultural hegemony: toward an integration of sociolinguistic and social theory , 1985 .

[8]  M. Heller,et al.  Introduction to the special issues on education in multilingual settings: Discourse, identities, and power , 1996 .

[9]  Lila Abu-Lughod,et al.  the romance of resistance: tracing transformations of power through Bedouin women , 1990 .

[10]  M. Heller,et al.  Crosswords: Language, Education and Ethnicity in French Ontario , 1994 .

[11]  Guadalupe Valdés,et al.  Dual-Language Immersion Programs: A Cautionary Note Concerning the Education of Language-Minority Students , 1997 .

[12]  Introduction to the special issues on education in multilingual settings: discourse, identities, and power part II: contesting legitimacy☆ , 1996 .

[13]  Kathryn J. Lindholm-Leary.  Bilingual immersion education: Criteria for program development , 1990 .

[14]  N. Fairclough,et al.  Language and Power , 2009 .

[15]  N. Hornberger,et al.  Unpeeling the Onion: Language Planning and Policy and the ELT Professional , 1996 .

[16]  C. B. Paulston.  Linguistic Minorities in Multilingual Settings: Implications for language policies , 1994 .

[17]  Nancy H. Hornberger,et al.  "Getting Far Enough to Like It": Biliteracy in the Middle School. , 1993 .

[18]  Richard S. Ruiz.  Language Policy and Planning in the United States , 1994, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics.

[19]  Nancy H. Hornberger,et al.  Extending Enrichment Bilingual Education: Revisiting Typologies and Redirecting Policy , 1991 .