Total electron content monitoring using triple frequency GNSS data: A three-step approach

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are very useful tools to study the ionosphere. Nevertheless, the precision of the usual dual frequency total electron content (TEC) monitoring technique is affected by code delays (hardware and multipath), and is therefore limited. This paper introduces a TEC monitoring technique based on triple frequency GPS and Galileo measurements. The three steps of this technique are validated on triple frequency simulated data. In fact, as it is not affected by code delays, the precision of the reconstructed TEC is improved in regards with the dual frequency technique.