Radiation damage in dry and frozen hydrated organic material

Electron‐induced radiation damage can cause errors in interpreting electron micrographs. Radiation damage is distinguished from contamination (polymerization of hydrocarbons) and etching (radiolysis in the presence of water), both of which can be controlled by a proper specimen environment in the microscope. While temperature has little effect on the primary interactions of fast electrons with matter, most secondary radiation‐damage processes are temperature dependent. Because damage mechanisms differ so greatly among materials, there is no simple factor by which specimen stability is improved as a function of temperature (some cases improve fivefold, others improve 100‐fold). While some specimens are stable to almost arbitrarily high doses, some tests reveal damage at 1 e/nm2. This paper surveys damage rates and temperature dependencies of various materials as a guide for future electron microscopic studies of organic specimens.

[1]  M. Lamvik,et al.  Substrate properties affect the mass loss rate in collodion at liquid helium temperature. , 1989, Ultramicroscopy.

[2]  R. Henderson,et al.  Images of purple membrane at 2.8 A resolution obtained by cryo-electron microscopy. , 1988, Journal of molecular biology.

[3]  R. J. Waltman,et al.  Solid-state electron beam chemistry of mixtures of diazoketones in phenolic resins: AZ resists , 1988 .

[4]  K. Zierold.  X-ray microanalysis of freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated cryosections. , 1988, Journal of electron microscopy technique.

[5]  M. Lamvik,et al.  Dynamic hydration effects in an electron microscope cold stage. , 1988, Journal of electron microscopy technique.

[6]  M. Lamvik,et al.  Mass loss rate in collodion is greatly reduced at liquid helium temperature , 1987, Journal of microscopy.

[7]  M. Cantino,et al.  Beam induced mass loss in high resolution biological microanalysis , 1986, Journal of microscopy.

[8]  T. Hall.  Properties of frozen sections relevant to quantitative microanalysis , 1986, Journal of microscopy.

[9]  J. Dubochet,et al.  Electron beam radiation damage to organic inclusions in vitreous, cubic, and hexagonal ice , 1986 .

[10]  W. Chiu,et al.  Quantitative assessment of radiation damage in a thin protein crystal , 1984, Journal of microscopy.

[11]  J. Dubochet,et al.  ELECTRON BEAM INDUCED “VITRIFIED ICE” , 1983 .

[12]  J. Dubochet,et al.  Amendment to: Electron beam damage to organic specimens at liquid helium temperature , 1983 .

[13]  J. Dubochet,et al.  Electron microscopy of frozen water and aqueous solutions , 1982 .

[14]  R. Egerton.  Organic mass loss at 100 K and 300 K , 1982 .

[15]  R. Freeman,et al.  Comparative mass measurement of biological macromolecules by scanning transmission electron microscopy , 1981, Journal of microscopy.

[16]  J. Dubochet,et al.  Beam damage to organic material is considerably reduced in cryo-electron microscopy. , 1980, Journal of molecular biology.

[17]  J. Pacansky,et al.  Electron-beam-induced Wolff rearrangement , 1980 .

[18]  E. Thomas,et al.  Mass loss and etching of frozen hydrated specimens , 1979 .

[19]  M. Lamvik.  Muscle thick filament mass measured by electron scattering. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[20]  R. Glaeser,et al.  Radiation damage relative to transmission electron microscopy of biological specimens at low temperature: a review , 1978, Journal of microscopy.

[21]  R. Glaeser,et al.  Radiation damage in stained catalase at low temperature , 1975, Journal of microscopy.

[22]  S. D. Lin,et al.  Electron radiation damage of thin films of glycine, diglycine, and aromatic amino acids. , 1974, Radiation research.

[23]  T. Hall,et al.  Beam‐induced loss of organic mass under electron‐microprobe conditions , 1974 .

[24]  J. Sikorski,et al.  Specific labelling of thiol groups in mammalian keratin suitable for electron microscope studies , 1972, Journal of microscopy.

[25]  L. Marton,et al.  Early History of the Electron Microscope , 1968 .

[26]  H. Heide.  CONTAMINATION AND IRRADIATION EFFECTS AND THEIR DEPENDENCE ON THE COMPOSITION OF RESIDUAL GASES IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. , 1965, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[27]  G. Bahr,et al.  THE DETERMINATION OF THE DRY MASS IN POPULATIONS OF ISOLATED PARTICLES. , 1965, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[28]  G. Bahr,et al.  THE ELEMENTARY COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC OBJECTS AFTER ELECTRON IRRADIATION. , 1965, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[29]  L. Reimer.  IRRADIATION CHANGES IN ORGANIC AND INORGANIC OBJECTS. , 1965, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[30]  A. Brockes.  Über Veränderungen des Aufbaus organischer Folien durch Elektronenbestrahlung , 1957 .

[31]  R. M. Black.  Effect of Temperature Upon the Cross-Linking of Polyethylene by High-Energy Radiation , 1956, Nature.

[32]  J. Watson.  An Effect of Electron Bombardment upon Carbon Black , 1947 .

[33]  L. Marton,et al.  Electron Microscopy of Biological Objects , 1934, Nature.

[34]  M. Lamvik,et al.  Irradiation-induced mass loss effects at low temperature are dependent on specimen material , 1988 .

[35]  Y. Talmon.  Electron Beam Radiation Damage to Organic and Biological Cryospecimens , 1987 .

[36]  J. Berriman,et al.  Methods for specimen thickness determination in electron microscopy. II. Changes in thickness with dose. , 1986, Ultramicroscopy.

[37]  J F Hainfeld,et al.  Mass mapping with the scanning transmission electron microscope. , 1986, Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry.

[38]  J. Fromm,et al.  A comparison of an electron-beam-induced chemical reaction at T = 10 K and T = 300 K , 1985 .

[39]  E. Zeitler,et al.  The physical behavior of solid water at low temperatures and the embedding of electron microscopical specimens , 1985 .

[40]  M. Narkis,et al.  Electron beam radiation damage to organic inclusions in ice as an analytical tool for polymer science , 1985 .

[41]  R. H. Wade.  The temperature dependence of radiation damage in organic and biological materials , 1984 .

[42]  K. Weiss,et al.  The relative stability of a mercury stain at room temperature and liquid helium temperature , 1984 .

[43]  Y. Talmon.  Radiation damage to organic inclusions in ice , 1984 .

[44]  J. Fryer,et al.  The further reduction of radiation damage in the electron microscope , 1984 .

[45]  D. Vesely.  Electron beam damage of amorphous synthetic polymers , 1984 .

[46]  R. Freeman,et al.  Methods for specimen thickness determination in electron microscopy. , 1984, Ultramicroscopy.

[47]  H. G. Heide,et al.  Observations on ice layers , 1984 .

[48]  J. D. Robertson,et al.  Radiation damage in l-valine at liquid helium temperature , 1983, Nature.

[49]  K. Downing.  Temperature dependence of the critical electron exposure for hydrocarbon monolayers , 1983 .

[50]  L. Reimer,et al.  Interpretation of the fading of diffraction patterns from organic substances irradiated with 100 keV electrons at 10-300 K , 1982 .

[51]  H. Heide.  On the irradiation of organic samples in the vicinity of ice , 1982 .

[52]  J. Dubochet,et al.  Frozen aqueous suspensions , 1982 .

[53]  S. Hui.  Radiation damage of phosphatidylcholine bilayers effects of temperature and hydration. , 1980, Ultramicroscopy.

[54]  P. Glick,et al.  Electron irradiation effects in the EPMA quantitation of organic specimens. , 1980, Scanning electron microscopy.

[55]  Edie Jw,et al.  Electron irradiation effects in the EPMA quantitation of organic specimens. , 1980 .

[56]  A. Engel.  Molecular weight determination by scanning transmission electron microscopy. , 1978, Ultramicroscopy.

[57]  H. Shuman,et al.  Quantitative electron probe microanalysis of biological thin sections: methods and validity. , 1976, Ultramicroscopy.

[58]  A. Eshel.  Quantitative electron probe microanalysis of biological specimens. I, A theoretical analysis of some variables involved , 1974 .

[59]  G. W. Groves,et al.  Rate of damage of polymer crystals in the electron microscope: Dependence on temperature and beam voltage , 1971 .

[60]  Dr. Hermann Dertinger,et al.  Molecular Radiation Biology , 1970, Heidelberg Science Library.