In Vitro Study of Surface Modified Poly(ethylene glycol)-Impregnated Sintered Bovine Bone Scaffolds on Human Fibroblast Cells

Scaffold design from xenogeneic bone has the potential for tissue engineering (TE). However, major difficulties impede this potential, such as the wide range of properties in natural bone. In this study, sintered cortical bones from different parts of a bovine-femur impregnated with biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) binder by liquid phase adsorption were investigated. Flexural mechanical properties of the PEG-treated scaffolds showed that the scaffold is stiffer and stronger at a sintering condition of 1000°C compared with 900°C. In vitro cytotoxicity of the scaffolds evaluated by Alamar Blue assay and microscopic tests on human fibroblast cells is better at 1000°C compared with that at 900°C. Furthermore, in vitro biocompatibility and flexural property of scaffolds derived from different parts of a femur depend on morphology and heat-treatment condition. Therefore, the fabricated scaffolds from the distal and proximal parts at 1000°C are potential candidates for hard and soft TE applications, respectively.

[1]  J. Weng,et al.  Preparation of bioactive porous HA/PCL composite scaffolds , 2008 .

[2]  Xing‐dong Zhang,et al.  Preparation of nano-HA/PLA composite by modified-PLA for controlling the growth of HA crystals , 2007 .

[3]  M. Bohner,et al.  Resorbable biomaterials as bone graft substitutes , 2010 .

[4]  F. Silver,et al.  Viscoelastic properties of human skin and processed dermis , 2001, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[5]  J. M. Harris,et al.  Introduction to Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) , 1992 .

[6]  Y. Matsusue,et al.  Histomorphometric study on high-strength hydroxyapatite/poly(L-lactide) composite rods for internal fixation of bone fractures. , 2000, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[7]  D. Hungerford,et al.  Chitosan supports the expression of extracellular matrix proteins in human osteoblasts and chondrocytes. , 2000, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[8]  A. Boskey,et al.  Extraction of a calcium-phospholipid-phosphate complex from bone , 1975, Calcified Tissue Research.

[9]  J C Knowles,et al.  In vitro ageing of brushite calcium phosphate cement. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[10]  H. Imai,et al.  Adhesion of osteoblast-like cells on nanostructured hydroxyapatite. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[11]  D. Aust,et al.  Five primary human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines established by the outgrowth method. , 2012, The Journal of surgical research.

[12]  Stephanie J Bryant,et al.  Controlling the spatial distribution of ECM components in degradable PEG hydrogels for tissue engineering cartilage. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[13]  K. Kar,et al.  Functionalized poly(ether ether ketone): Improved mechanical property and acellular bioactivity , 2012 .

[14]  K. Kar,et al.  Nanohydroxyapatite synthesized from calcium oxide and its characterization , 2013 .

[15]  R. Schmid,et al.  Identification, culture, and characterization of pancreatic stellate cells in rats and humans. , 1998, Gastroenterology.

[16]  Teja Guda,et al.  Development of Composite Scaffolds for Load-Bearing Segmental Bone Defects , 2013, BioMed research international.

[17]  F H Silver,et al.  Mechanical properties of the aorta: a review. , 1989, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering.

[18]  R. Vinci,et al.  Poly-L-lactic acid — hydroxyapatite (PLLA-HA) bioabsorbable interference screws for tibial graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery: MR evaluation of osteointegration and degradation features , 2008, La radiologia medica.

[19]  K. Kar,et al.  Synthesis and Characterizations of Hydroxyapatite-Poly(ether ether ketone) Nanocomposite: Acellular Simulated Body Fluid Conditioned Study , 2009 .

[20]  H. Pandit,et al.  Impaction bone grafting in revision hip surgery. , 2003, The Journal of arthroplasty.

[21]  D. Roy,et al.  Hydroxyapatite formed from Coral Skeletal Carbonate by Hydrothermal Exchange , 1974, Nature.

[22]  Q. Cai,et al.  Osteoconductive effectiveness of bone graft derived from antler cancellous bone: an experimental study in the rabbit mandible defect model. , 2012, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[23]  Jui-Sheng Sun,et al.  Preparation of a biphasic porous bioceramic by heating bovine cancellous bone with Na 4 P 2 O 7 ) 10 H 2 O addition , 1999 .

[24]  N. Selvamurugan,et al.  Biocomposites containing natural polymers and hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering. , 2010, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[25]  I. Dubery,et al.  Assessment of a simple, non-toxic Alamar blue cell survival assay to monitor tomato cell viability. , 2001, Phytochemical analysis : PCA.

[26]  Y. Shikinami,et al.  Bioresorbable devices made of forged composites of hydroxyapatite (HA) particles and poly-L-lactide (PLLA): Part I. Basic characteristics. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[27]  Belinda Pingguan-Murphy,et al.  Design and Development of Potential Tissue Engineering Scaffolds from Structurally Different Longitudinal Parts of a Bovine-Femur , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[28]  Jason A Burdick,et al.  Photoencapsulation of osteoblasts in injectable RGD-modified PEG hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. , 2002, Biomaterials.

[29]  F. Moztarzadeh,et al.  FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A POROUS COMPOSITE SCAFFOLD BASED ON GELATIN AND HYDROXYAPATITE FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING , 2005 .

[30]  R. Pijnenborg,et al.  The use of Alamar Blue assay for quantitative analysis of viability, migration and invasion of choriocarcinoma cells. , 2007, Human reproduction.

[31]  Francesco M Veronese,et al.  PEGylation, successful approach to drug delivery. , 2005, Drug discovery today.

[32]  L. S. Matthews,et al.  Comparison of the trabecular and cortical tissue moduli from human iliac crests , 1989, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[33]  Maryjane Tremayne,et al.  Biologically mediated resorption of brushite cement in vitro. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[34]  Evaluation of a porous, biodegradable biopolymer scaffold for mandibular reconstruction. , 2003, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[35]  E. Goldys,et al.  Non-specific cellular uptake of surface-functionalized quantum dots. , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[36]  Xing‐dong Zhang,et al.  Carbonated Nano Hydroxyapatite Crystal Growth Modulated by Poly(ethylene glycol) with Different Molecular Weights , 2012 .

[37]  Noor Azuan Abu Osman,et al.  Endothelial cell responses in terms of adhesion, proliferation, and morphology to stiffness of polydimethylsiloxane elastomer substrates. , 2015, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[38]  J T Czernuszka,et al.  Collagen-hydroxyapatite composites for hard tissue repair. , 2006, European cells & materials.

[39]  Belinda Pingguan-Murphy,et al.  Developments of Immobilized Surface Modified Piezoelectric Crystal Biosensors for Advanced Applications , 2013, International Journal of Electrochemical Science.

[40]  C. Roberts,et al.  Development of Colorimetric Microtiter Plate Assay for Assessment of Antimicrobials against Acanthamoeba , 2005, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[41]  G. Gonzalez,et al.  PLLA‐HA vs. PLGA‐HA characterization and comparative analysis , 2013 .

[42]  J. M. Harris,et al.  Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Chemistry , 1992 .

[43]  R. Ritchie,et al.  Fabrication and mechanical properties of PLA/HA composites: A study of in vitro degradation. , 2006, Materials science & engineering. C, Biomimetic and supramolecular systems.

[44]  Noor Azuan Abu Osman,et al.  Morphological Change of Heat Treated Bovine Bone: A Comparative Study , 2012, Materials.

[45]  Noor Azuan Abu Osman,et al.  Progress of key strategies in development of electrospun scaffolds: bone tissue , 2012, Science and technology of advanced materials.

[46]  Jason A Burdick,et al.  Delivery of osteoinductive growth factors from degradable PEG hydrogels influences osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. , 2002, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[47]  N. Rushton,et al.  The effects of lactic acid on PGE2 production by macrophages and human synovial fibroblasts: a possible explanation for problems associated with the degradation of poly(lactide) implants? , 1994, Clinical materials.

[48]  D. Kaplan,et al.  Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[49]  A. Azadi,et al.  Pharmacokinetic Consequences of Pegylation , 2006, Drug delivery.

[50]  Rainer Gadow,et al.  Hydroxyapatite coatings for biomedical applications deposited by different thermal spray techniques , 2010 .

[51]  S. Hollister.  Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering , 2005, Nature materials.

[52]  C. Laurencin,et al.  Nano-ceramic Composite Scaffolds for Bioreactor-based Bone Engineering , 2013, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[53]  K. S. Chen,et al.  Preparation of a biphasic porous bioceramic by heating bovine cancellous bone with Na4P2O7.10H2O addition. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[54]  C K Chua,et al.  Compressive properties and degradability of poly(epsilon-caprolatone)/hydroxyapatite composites under accelerated hydrolytic degradation. , 2007, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[55]  R. Zhuo,et al.  PEGylated PEI-based biodegradable polymers as non-viral gene vectors. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[56]  S. Ramesh,et al.  Properties of hydroxyapatite produced by annealing of bovine bone , 2007 .

[57]  Q. Xie,et al.  Electrodeposition of a biocompatible hydroxyapatite matrix to immobilize glucose oxidase for sensitive glucose biosensing , 2009 .

[58]  L. Grover,et al.  Structural changes to resorbable calcium phosphate bioceramic aged in vitro. , 2013, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.

[59]  L. Griffith,et al.  Capturing complex 3D tissue physiology in vitro , 2006, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[60]  L. Grover,et al.  Mechanical activation and cement formation of β-tricalcium phosphate , 2003 .

[61]  Z. Qian,et al.  Synthesis and in vitro degradation study of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PET/PEG) multiblock copolymer☆ , 2004 .

[62]  A. Agarwal,et al.  Development of high strength hydroxyapatite by solid-state-sintering process , 2007 .

[63]  M. Chu,et al.  Utilization of biowaste eggshells to synthesize nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powders , 2009 .

[64]  T. Kamarul,et al.  A comparison study of different physical treatments on cartilage matrix derived porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications , 2014, Science and technology of advanced materials.

[65]  Mingwu Shen,et al.  Improved cellular response on multiwalled carbon nanotube-incorporated electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds. , 2011, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[66]  Claudia Fruijtier-Pölloth.  Safety assessment on polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and their derivatives as used in cosmetic products. , 2005, Toxicology.

[67]  Masahiro Yoshimura,et al.  Processing and properties of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials for use as hard tissue replacement implants , 1998 .

[68]  P Zioupos,et al.  Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. , 1998, Medical engineering & physics.

[69]  G. Hunter,et al.  Nucleation of hydroxyapatite by bone sialoprotein. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.