THE DIVERSION AND INJECTION OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL OPIOIDS USED IN OPIOID SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT: Findings from the Australian post-marketing surveillance studies of buprenorphine-naloxone, 2006-2008

[1]  W. Hall,et al.  Mortality among clients of a state-wide opioid pharmacotherapy program over 20 years: risk factors and lives saved. , 2009, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[2]  J. Zarocostas.  Abuse of prescription drugs is second only to abuse of cannabis in US, UN drugs panel says , 2009, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[3]  Gowing White Ali Bell Brough Lintzeris Ritter Quigley Henry-Edwards.  Clinical guidelines and procedures for the use of methadone in the maintenance treatment of opioid dependence , 2009 .

[4]  R. D. Bruce,et al.  Lack of Reduction in Buprenorphine Injection After Introduction of Co-Formulated Buprenorphine/Naloxone to the Malaysian Market , 2009, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[5]  A. Winstock,et al.  Prevalence of diversion and injection of methadone and buprenorphine among clients receiving opioid treatment at community pharmacies in New South Wales, Australia. , 2008, The International journal on drug policy.

[6]  M. Carrieri,et al.  Buprenorphine in primary care: risk factors for treatment injection and implications for clinical management. , 2008, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[7]  Jason M. White,et al.  Exposure to opioid maintenance treatment reduces long-term mortality. , 2008, Addiction.

[8]  M. Hellard,et al.  Buprenorphine injection in Melbourne, Australia--an update. , 2008, Drug and alcohol review.

[9]  A. Winstock,et al.  Knowledge about buprenorphine and methadone among those receiving treatment for opioid dependence , 2008 .

[10]  J. Inciardi,et al.  Trends in the use and abuse of branded and generic extended release oxycodone and fentanyl products in the United States. , 2007, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[11]  G. Bigelow,et al.  Sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone precipitated withdrawal in subjects maintained on 100mg of daily methadone. , 2007, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[12]  M. John,et al.  Evidence‐based, multifactorial approach to addressing non‐adherence to antiretroviral therapy and improving standards of care , 2007, Internal medicine journal.

[13]  L. Degenhardt,et al.  Mortality related to pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence: a comparative analysis of coronial records. , 2007, Drug and alcohol review.

[14]  Daniel M. Hartung,et al.  Rates of Adverse Events of Long-Acting Opioids in a State Medicaid Program , 2007, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[15]  D. Vlahov,et al.  Risk factors for methadone outside treatment programs: implications for HIV treatment among injection drug users. , 2007, Addiction.

[16]  R. C. Seet,et al.  Complications arising from intravenous buprenorphine abuse. , 2007, QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians.

[17]  J. Rehm,et al.  Illicit Opioid Use and its Key Characteristics: A Select Overview and Evidence from a Canadian Multisite Cohort of Illicit Opioid Users , 2007 .

[18]  E. Vuori,et al.  Abuse liability of buprenorphine-naloxone tablets in untreated IV drug users. , 2007, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[19]  J. Rehm,et al.  Using latent class analysis (LCA) to analyze patterns of drug use in a population of illegal opioid users. , 2007, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[20]  N. Lee,et al.  Concurrent buprenorphine and benzodiazepines use and self-reported opioid toxicity in opioid substitution treatment. , 2007, Addiction.

[21]  N. Lee,et al.  Buprenorphine supply by community pharmacists in Victoria, Australia: perceptions, experiences and key issues identified. , 2007, Drug and alcohol review.

[22]  J. Inciardi,et al.  Mechanisms of prescription drug diversion among drug-involved club- and street-based populations. , 2007, Pain medicine.

[23]  I. Thiblin,et al.  Methadone maintenance treatment: the balance between life-saving treatment and fatal poisonings. , 2007, Addiction.

[24]  D. Zador.  Methadone maintenance: making it better. , 2007, Addiction.

[25]  J. Havens,et al.  Prevalence of opioid analgesic injection among rural nonmedical opioid analgesic users. , 2007, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[26]  J. Montaner,et al.  Predictors of non-fatal overdose among a cohort of polysubstance-using injection drug users. , 2007, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[27]  R. Dart,et al.  Active surveillance of abused and misused prescription opioids using poison center data: A pilot study and descriptive comparison , 2007, Clinical toxicology.

[28]  S. Fraser,et al.  Valuing methadone takeaway doses: The contribution of service-user perspectives to policy and practice , 2007 .

[29]  D. Vlahov,et al.  Buprenorphine use: the international experience. , 2006, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[30]  M. Hickman,et al.  Association between availability of heroin and methadone and fatal poisoning in England and Wales 1993-2004. , 2006, International journal of epidemiology.

[31]  J. Strang,et al.  Commentary: decline in methadone-related deaths probably relates to increased supervision of methadone in UK. , 2006, International journal of epidemiology.

[32]  L. Paulozzi,et al.  Opioid analgesics and rates of fatal drug poisoning in the United States. , 2006, American journal of preventive medicine.

[33]  H. Hinterhuber,et al.  Maintenance Treatment of Opioid Dependence and Patterns of Non-Prescribed Drug Use: Results of a 4-Year Trial , 2006 .

[34]  S. Lai,et al.  A survey of buprenorphine related deaths in Singapore. , 2006, Forensic science international.

[35]  Raimondo Bruno,et al.  Australian Drug Trends 2004: Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) , 2006 .

[36]  E. Boyer,et al.  Adverse Effects in Children After Unintentional Buprenorphine Exposure , 2006, Pediatrics.

[37]  L. Paulozzi.  Opioid analgesic involvement in drug abuse deaths in American metropolitan areas. , 2006, American journal of public health.

[38]  J. Strang,et al.  Methodology for the Randomised Injecting Opioid Treatment Trial (RIOTT): evaluating injectable methadone and injectable heroin treatment versus optimised oral methadone treatment in the UK , 2006, Harm reduction journal.

[39]  Yongli Xi,et al.  Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States , 2006, Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety.

[40]  J. Rehm,et al.  Illicit Opioid Use and its Key Characteristics: A Select Overview and Evidence from a Canadian Multisite Cohort of Illicit Opioid Users (OPICAN) , 2006, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[41]  Christian R. Dolder,et al.  A prospective study of risk factors for nonadherence with antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia. , 2006, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[42]  E. Sellers,et al.  Relative abuse potential of opioid formulations in Canada: a structured field study. , 2006, Journal of opioid management.

[43]  D. Epstein,et al.  Abuse liability, behavioral pharmacology, and physical-dependence potential of opioids in humans and laboratory animals: Lessons from tramadol , 2006, Biological Psychology.

[44]  D. Calello,et al.  Exploratory buprenorphine ingestion in an infant. , 2006, Annals of emergency medicine.

[45]  C. Chan,et al.  Complications relating to intravenous buprenorphine abuse: a single institution case series. , 2006, Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.

[46]  F. Sapienza.  Abuse deterrent formulations and the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[47]  R. Griffiths,et al.  Impact of formulation on the abuse liability, safety and regulation of medications: the expert panel report. , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[48]  E. Sellers,et al.  Research design strategies to evaluate the impact of formulations on abuse liability. , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[49]  C. Schuster.  History and current perspectives on the use of drug formulations to decrease the abuse of prescription drugs. , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[50]  P. Fudala,et al.  Development of opioid formulations with limited diversion and abuse potential. , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[51]  S. Fraser.  The chronotope of the queue: Methadone maintenance treatment and the production of time, space and subjects , 2006 .

[52]  Mark R. Mueller,et al.  Unintentional prescription drug overdose deaths in New Mexico, 1994-2003. , 2006, American journal of preventive medicine.

[53]  Nabarun Dasgupta,et al.  Association between non-medical and prescriptive usage of opioids. , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[54]  W. Ling,et al.  Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and opioid effects of liquid versus tablet buprenorphine. , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[55]  J. Rehm,et al.  Complaints of heroin-maintained patients: A survey of symptoms ascribed to diacetylmorphine. , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[56]  S. Butler,et al.  Development and validation of an Opioid Attractiveness Scale: a novel measure of the attractiveness of opioid products to potential abusers , 2006, Harm reduction journal.

[57]  Nora D Volkow,et al.  Major increases in opioid analgesic abuse in the United States: concerns and strategies. , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[58]  J. Inciardi,et al.  The Diversion of Prescription Drugs by Health Care Workers in Cincinnati, Ohio , 2006, Substance use & misuse.

[59]  S. Vasoo,et al.  Myofasciitis and polyneuritis related to Buprenorphine abuse. , 2005, Neurology & clinical neurophysiology : NCN.

[60]  J. Rehm,et al.  Prescription Drug Abuse in Canada and the Diversion of Prescription Drugs into the Illicit Drug Market , 2005, Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique.

[61]  J. Inciardi,et al.  Potential for abuse of buprenorphine in office-based treatment of opioid dependence. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[62]  Y. P. Peng,et al.  Severe upper limb complications from parenteral abuse of Subutex. , 2005, Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.

[63]  A. Muñoz,et al.  Trends in abuse of Oxycontin and other opioid analgesics in the United States: 2002-2004. , 2005, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[64]  S. Comer,et al.  Buprenorphine/naloxone reduces the reinforcing and subjective effects of heroin in heroin-dependent volunteers , 2005, Psychopharmacology.

[65]  Patrick B. Johnson,et al.  Nonmedical use of prescription opioids among teenagers in the United States: trends and correlates. , 2005, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[66]  F. Schifano,et al.  Buprenorphine mortality, seizures and prescription data in the UK, 1980–2002 , 2005, Human psychopharmacology.

[67]  A. Ritter,et al.  The relationship between take-away methadone policies and methadone diversion. , 2005, Drug and alcohol review.

[68]  C. Rabaud,et al.  Complications infectieuses et mésusage de la buprénorphine à haut dosage , 2005 .

[69]  J. Maxwell,et al.  Deaths of clients in methadone treatment in Texas: 1994-2002. , 2005, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[70]  P. Allen,et al.  Fungal endophthalmitis in intravenous drug users injecting buprenorphine contaminated with oral Candida species , 2005, The Medical journal of Australia.

[71]  B. Sproule,et al.  Buprenorphine , 2005, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[72]  N. Clark,et al.  Buprenorphine diversion and injection in Melbourne, Australia: an emerging issue? , 2005, Addiction.

[73]  S. Lathrop,et al.  Unintentional methadone-related overdose death in New Mexico (USA) and implications for surveillance, 1998-2002. , 2005, Addiction.

[74]  M. Gossop,et al.  Benzodiazepine co-dependence exacerbates the opiate withdrawal syndrome. , 2004, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[75]  J. Burns,et al.  Overdose in young people using heroin: associations with mental health, prescription drug use and personal circumstances , 2004, The Medical journal of Australia.

[76]  Rajesh Kumar,et al.  Post‐marketing surveillance of buprenorphine , 2004, Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety.

[77]  J. Bell,et al.  A pilot study of buprenorphine-naloxone combination tablet (Suboxone) in treatment of opioid dependence. , 2004, Drug and alcohol review.

[78]  F. Baud,et al.  A critical review of the causes of death among post-mortem toxicological investigations: analysis of 34 buprenorphine-associated and 35 methadone-associated deaths. , 2004, Addiction.

[79]  J. Tignol,et al.  French field experience with buprenorphine. , 2004, The American journal on addictions.

[80]  D. Zador,et al.  Patients prescribed injectable heroin or methadone -their opinions and experiences of treatment. , 2004, Addiction.

[81]  J. Jaffe,et al.  A postmarketing study of relative abuse liability of hypnotic sedative drugs. , 2004, Addiction.

[82]  Airi Partanen,et al.  Buprenorphine more common as a problem drug in Finland , 2004 .

[83]  Tanweer Hussain,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of high-dose buprenorphine following single administration of sublingual tablet formulations in opioid naïve healthy male volunteers under a naltrexone block. , 2003, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[84]  E. Southgate,et al.  The injection of methadone syrup in New South Wales: patterns of use and increased harm after partial banning of injecting equipment , 2003, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

[85]  G. Feeney,et al.  Groin tissue necrosis requiring skin graft following parenteral abuse of buprenorphine tablets. , 2003, Drug and alcohol review.

[86]  T. Randell,et al.  Serious overdoses involving buprenorphine in Helsinki , 2003, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[87]  M. Lynskey,et al.  Health service utilization and benzodiazepine use among heroin users: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS). , 2003, Addiction.

[88]  J. Oliver,et al.  The role of methadone in drug-related deaths in the west of Scotland. , 2003, Addiction.

[89]  L. Gold,et al.  Incorporating the assessment of abuse liability into the drug discovery and development process. , 2003, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[90]  Reese T. Jones,et al.  Clinical and pharmacological evaluation of buprenorphine and naloxone combinations: why the 4:1 ratio for treatment? , 2003, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[91]  C. N. Chiang,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of the combination tablet of buprenorphine and naloxone. , 2003, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[92]  D. Leiderman,et al.  Safety and health policy considerations related to the use of buprenorphine/naloxone as an office-based treatment for opiate dependence. , 2003, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[93]  R. Ali,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of intravenous methadone syrup administration in Adelaide, Australia. , 2003, Addiction.

[94]  R. Mattick,et al.  Methadone-related and heroin-related deaths among opiate users: methadone helps save lives. , 2003, Addiction.

[95]  I. Varescon,et al.  Intravenous use of prescribed sublingual buprenorphine tablets by drug users receiving maintenance therapy in France. , 2003, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[96]  J. Luty.  Prescribing injectable heroin to addicts: unproven, unpopular, unbelievable , 2003 .

[97]  T. Blanchon,et al.  Homelessness and High-Dosage Buprenorphine Misuse , 2003, Substance use & misuse.

[98]  S. Comer,et al.  Self-Administration of Intravenous Buprenorphine and the Buprenorphine/Naloxone Combination by Recently Detoxified Heroin Abusers , 2002, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

[99]  P. Kintz.  A new series of 13 buprenorphine-related deaths. , 2002, Clinical biochemistry.

[100]  B. Mégarbane,et al.  Trends in opiate and opioid poisonings in addicts in north-east Paris and suburbs, 1995-99. , 2002, Addiction.

[101]  W. van den Brink,et al.  An increase in overdose mortality during the first 2 weeks after entering or re-entering methadone treatment in Amsterdam. , 2002, Addiction.

[102]  N. Cassoux,et al.  Presumed ocular candidiasis in drug misusers after intravenous use of oral high dose buprenorphine (Subutex) , 2002, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[103]  E. Vuori,et al.  Alcohol and benzodiazepines in fatal poisonings. , 2002, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[104]  S. Sunjic,et al.  Methadone-related deaths and mortality rate during induction into methadone maintenance, New South Wales, 1996. , 2002, Drug and alcohol review.

[105]  Shane Darke,et al.  The injection of methadone and benzodiazepines among Sydney injecting drug users 1996-2000: 5-year monitoring of trends from the Illicit Drug Reporting System. , 2002, Drug and alcohol review.

[106]  N. Lintzeris,et al.  Severe opiate withdrawal in a heroin user precipitated by a massive buprenorphine dose. , 2002, The Medical journal of Australia.

[107]  W. Hall,et al.  Breaking the deadlock over an Australian trial of injectable opioid maintenance , 2002, The Medical journal of Australia.

[108]  F. Gutzwiller,et al.  Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of injectable heroin prescription for refractory opioid addicts: a follow-up study , 2001, The Lancet.

[109]  P. Kintz.  Deaths involving buprenorphine: a compendium of French cases. , 2001, Forensic science international.

[110]  A. Gilson,et al.  Medical use, misues, and diversion of opioids in India , 2001, The Lancet.

[111]  G. Taylor,et al.  Diamorphine treatment for opiate dependence: putative markers of concomitant heroin misuse , 2001, Addiction biology.

[112]  D. Zador.  Injectable opiate maintenance in the UK: Is it good clinical practice? , 2001, Addiction.

[113]  F. Lert,et al.  Unsafe injecting practices among attendees of syringe exchange programmes in France. , 2001, Addiction.

[114]  D. Vlahov,et al.  Injecting misuse of buprenorphine among French drug users. , 2001, Addiction.

[115]  D. Gorman,et al.  A review of GP records relating to methadone-associated deaths in the Lothian region of Scotland 1997-9 , 2001 .

[116]  L. Simoni-Wastila,et al.  BALANCING DIVERSION CONTROL AND MEDICAL NECESSITY: THE CASE OF PRESCRIPTION DRUGS WITH ABUSE POTENTIAL , 2001, Substance use & misuse.

[117]  Reese T. Jones,et al.  Buprenorphine and naloxone co-administration in opiate-dependent patients stabilized on sublingual buprenorphine. , 2000, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[118]  D. Cranston,et al.  Patients in methadone maintenance treatment who inject methadone syrup: a preliminary study. , 2000, Drug and alcohol review.

[119]  J. Strang,et al.  Randomized trial of supervised injectable versus oral methadone maintenance: report of feasibility and 6-month outcome. , 2000, Addiction.

[120]  S. Fishman,et al.  Adherence monitoring and drug surveillance in chronic opioid therapy. , 2000, Journal of pain and symptom management.

[121]  G. Bigelow,et al.  Effects of buprenorphine versus buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in non-dependent opioid abusers , 2000, Psychopharmacology.

[122]  J. Fountain,et al.  Diversion of prescribed drugs by drug users in treatment: analysis of the UK market and new data from London. , 2000, Addiction.

[123]  S. Sunjic,et al.  Methadone syrup‐related deaths in New South Wales, Australia, 1990–95 , 1999 .

[124]  O. Drummer,et al.  Mortality associated with New South Wales methadone programs , 1999, The Medical journal of Australia.

[125]  M. Lenné,et al.  Methadone injecting in Australia: a tale of two cities. , 1999, Addiction.

[126]  P. Courty,et al.  Six deaths linked to concomitant use of buprenorphine and benzodiazepines. , 1998, Addiction.

[127]  S. Darke,et al.  Self-report among injecting drug users: a review. , 1998, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[128]  B. Goldman.  The news on the street: prescription drugs on the black market. , 1998, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[129]  G. Stimson,et al.  Feasibility of prescribing injectable heroin and methadone to opiate‐dependent drug users: associated health gains and harm reductions , 1998, The Medical journal of Australia.

[130]  A. Wodak.  Prescribing heroin: nothing to fear but fear itself? , 1998, The Medical journal of Australia.

[131]  R. Day,et al.  Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles of Illicit Drug Use and Treatment of Illicit Drug Users , 1997, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[132]  Reese T. Jones,et al.  Buprenorphine and naloxone interactions in methadone maintenance patients , 1997, Biological Psychiatry.

[133]  W. Hall,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of the injection of methadone syrup in Sydney, Australia. , 1996, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[134]  M. Davies,et al.  Prescribing drug of choice to illicit heroin users: the experience of a U.K. community drug team. , 1996, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[135]  J. Howard,et al.  "Non injectables": methadone syrup and benzodiazepine injection by methadone-maintained clients. , 1996, Drug and alcohol review.

[136]  W. Hall,et al.  Benzodiazepine use among heroin users in Sydney: patterns of use, availability and procurement. , 1996, Drug and alcohol review.

[137]  W. Hall,et al.  Overdose among heroin users in Sydney, Australia: I. Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose. , 1996, Addiction.

[138]  R. Cooke,et al.  The misuse of buprenorphine and a buprenorphine-naloxone combination in Wellington, New Zealand. , 1993, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[139]  K. Preston,et al.  Buprenorphine alone and in combination with naloxone in non-dependent humans. , 1992, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[140]  J. Bell.  The Role of Supervision of Dosing in Opioid Maintenance Treatment , 2008 .

[141]  Peter Miller,et al.  Benzodiazepine and Pharmaceutical Opioid Misuse and their Relationship to Crime: An examination of illicit prescription drug markets in Melbourne, Hobart and Darwin. Tasmanian Report , 2007 .

[142]  S. McCabe,et al.  Medical and nonmedical use of prescription drugs among secondary school students. , 2007, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[143]  W. van den Brink,et al.  Matching of treatment-resistant heroin-dependent patients to medical prescription of heroin or oral methadone treatment: results from two randomized controlled trials. , 2005, Addiction.

[144]  C. Rabaud,et al.  [Infectious complications and misuse of high-dose buprenorphine]. , 2005, Presse medicale.

[145]  T. Carnwath.  Prescribing heroin. , 2005, The American journal on addictions.

[146]  R. Mattick,et al.  Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. , 2003, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[147]  M. Gelkopf,et al.  Benzodiazepine abuse in a methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Israel: characteristics and a pharmacotherapeutic approach. , 2002, The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences.

[148]  J. Najman,et al.  Australian Drug Trends , 2001 .

[149]  S. Sunjic,et al.  Deaths in methadone maintenance treatment in New South Wales, Australia 1990-1995. , 2000, Addiction.

[150]  W. Hall,et al.  The effectiveness of other opioid replacement therapies: LAAM, heroin, buprenorphine, naltrexone and injectable maintenance , 1998 .

[151]  Alan Ross,et al.  The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment , 1991, Springer New York.