Cross-Cultural Methodological Issues in Ethical Research

Despite the fundamental and administrative difficulties associated with cross-cultural research the rewards are significant and, given an increasing trend toward globalisation, the move away from singular location studies to more comparative research is to be encouraged. In order to facilitate this research process it is imperative, however, that considerable attention is given to the methodological issues that can beset cross-cultural research, specifically as these issues relate to the primary domain or discipline of investigation, which in this instance is research on business ethics. Utilising the experience of a four country comparative study of both Asian and Western cultures in the field of business ethics, the following presents a discussion of methodological concerns under the three broad areas of operationalising culture, operationalising business ethics, and data interpretation.

[1]  Gene R. Laczniak,et al.  Ethical Marketing: Perceptions of Economic Goods and Social Problems , 1981 .

[2]  Donna M. Randall,et al.  The Nature of Social Desirability Response Effects in Ethics Research , 1992, Business Ethics Quarterly.

[3]  Donald P. Robin,et al.  Some initial steps toward improving the measurement of ethical evaluations of marketing activities , 1988 .

[4]  J. Berry,et al.  Human Assessment and Cultural Factors , 1983 .

[5]  Ethical Beliefs of Marketing Managers , 1978 .

[6]  H. P. Sims,et al.  Some Determinants of Unethical Decision Behavior: An Experiment , 1978 .

[7]  Ron Garland A Comparison of Three Forms of the Semantic Differential , 1990 .

[8]  Alvin J. Silk,et al.  Measure Unreliability: A Hidden Threat to Cross-National Marketing Research? , 1981 .

[9]  D. Marlowe,et al.  A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. , 1960, Journal of consulting psychology.

[10]  James Jaccard,et al.  Cross-Cultural Methods for the Study of Behavioral Decision Making , 1986 .

[11]  L. Adler Cross-Cultural Research at Issue , 1983 .

[12]  Graeme L. Harrison,et al.  Cross-cultural research in management control systems design: a review of the current state , 1999 .

[13]  David J. Fritzsche,et al.  An Examination of Marketing Ethics: Role of the Decision Maker, Consequences of the Decision, Management Position, and Sex of the Respondent , 1988 .

[14]  PROBLEMS OF MEASUREMENT IN CROSS‐CULTURAL RESEARCH , 1977 .

[15]  O. C. Ferrell,et al.  Ethical Beliefs of Marketing Managers , 1978 .

[16]  D. Randall,et al.  SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS IN CROSS‐CULTURAL ETHICS RESEARCH , 1993 .

[17]  M. Rokeach The Nature Of Human Values , 1974 .

[18]  J. Masling The influence of situational and interpersonal variables in projective testing. , 1960, Psychological bulletin.

[19]  David Chan,et al.  EMPLOYEE ATTITUDE SURVEYS IN A MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATION: CONSIDERING LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN ASSESSING MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE , 1999 .

[20]  S. Vyakarnam FOCUS: Focus Groups: Are they Viable in Ethics Research? , 1995 .

[21]  R. Gill,et al.  The in-tray (in-basket) exercise as a measure of management potential , 1979 .

[22]  On measuring ethical judgments , 1993 .

[23]  J. Shaver,et al.  Dogmatism and divergent-convergent abilities. , 1970, The Journal of psychology.

[24]  M. Bond,et al.  Ethnic Affirmation by Chinese Bilinguals , 1980 .

[25]  F. K. Berrien Methodological and Related Problems in Cross-Cultural Research , 1967 .

[26]  R. Bhagat,et al.  Role of subjective culture in organizations: A review and directions for future research. , 1982 .

[27]  Diana C. Robertson Empiricism in business ethics: Suggested research directions , 1993 .

[28]  Mark Easterby-Smith,et al.  Cross-Cultural Collaborative Research: Toward Reflexivity , 1999 .

[29]  L. Treviño Moral reasoning and business ethics: Implications for research, education, and management , 1992 .

[30]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[31]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[32]  Simcha Ronen,et al.  Comparative and multinational management , 1986 .

[33]  O. Langholm,et al.  Empirical Methods for Business Ethics Resesarch , 1977 .

[34]  D. Campbell,et al.  Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. , 1959, Psychological bulletin.

[35]  G. W. England Personal Value Systems of American Managers , 1967 .

[36]  Stephen J. Mezias,et al.  Toto, I don't Think we're in Kansas Anymore , 1999 .

[37]  C. Ember,et al.  Problems of Measurement in Cross-Cultural Research Using Secondary Data , 1991 .

[38]  Harry C. Triandis,et al.  Dimensions of Cultural Variation as Parameters of Organizational Theories , 1982 .

[39]  O. Ferrell,et al.  A Comparison of Predictors of Ethical and Unethical Behavior among Corporate and Agency Advertising Managers , 1983 .

[40]  Anant R. Negandhi,et al.  Cross-Cultural Management Research: Trend and Future Directions , 1983 .

[41]  Gordon W. Cheung,et al.  Methodology in Cross-Cultural Consumer Research , 1999 .

[42]  Randall S. Hansen A multidimensional scale for measuring business ethics: A purification and refinement , 1992 .

[43]  Andrew Crane,et al.  Are You Ethical? Please Tick Yes □ Or No □ On Researching Ethics in Business Organizations , 2004 .

[44]  John B. Cullen,et al.  RESPONSE CATEGORIES AND POTENTIAL CULTURAL BIAS: EFFECTS OF AN EXPLICIT MIDDLE POINT IN CROSS‐CULTURAL SURVEYS , 1998 .

[45]  Herbert Barry,et al.  Cross-Cultural Research with Matched Pairs of Societies. , 1969 .

[46]  Saeed Samiee,et al.  International Strategy Research: Cross-Cultural Methodology Implications , 1998 .

[47]  H. P. Sims,et al.  Organizational philosophy, policies, and objectives related to unethical decision behavior: A laboratory experiment. , 1979 .

[48]  D. Randall,et al.  Methodology in business ethics research: A review and critical assessment , 1990 .

[49]  Arne L. Kalleberg,et al.  Culture, Control and Commitment: A Study of Work Organization and Work Attitudes in the United States and Japan. , 1990 .

[50]  R. Aldag,et al.  Measurement and correlates of social attitudes , 1984 .

[51]  H. Becker,et al.  Business ethics: A cross-cultural comparison of managers' attitudes , 1987 .

[52]  R. Westwood Culture, cultural differences and organisational behaviour , 1992 .

[53]  A. Whatley,et al.  Assessing the Effects of Culture on Managerial Attitudes: A Three-Culture Test , 1987 .

[54]  A. Culyer,et al.  Issues in Study Design , 1990 .

[55]  Uma Sekaran,et al.  Methodological and Theoretical Issues and Advancements in Cross-Cultural Research , 1983 .

[56]  J. Collier FOCUS: Research in Business Ethics* Business Ethics Research: Shaping the Agenda , 1995 .

[57]  N. Adler A Typology of Management Studies Involving Culture , 1983 .

[58]  Mark C. Butler,et al.  Toward a Theory of Comparative Management Research: An Idiographic Case Study of The Best International Human Resources Management Project , 1995 .

[59]  Donna M. Randall,et al.  The social desirability response bias in ethics research , 1991 .

[60]  R. Small,et al.  Cross‐cultural research: trying to do it better 2. Enhancing data quality , 1999, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

[61]  British Factory-Japanese Factory: The Origins of National Diversity in Industrial Relations. , 1974 .

[62]  William A. Kahn Toward an Agenda for Business Ethics Research , 1990 .

[63]  Lane Kelley,et al.  The Role of Culture in Comparative Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective , 1981 .

[64]  O. Ferrell,et al.  The Organizational Ethics of Advertising: Corporate and Agency Views , 1981 .

[65]  Bogusia Temple,et al.  Watch Your Tongue: Issues in Translation and Cross-Cultural Research , 1997 .

[66]  Second Edition,et al.  Statistical Package for the Social Sciences , 1970 .

[67]  R. Small,et al.  Cross‐cultural research: trying to do it better 2. Enhancing data quality , 1999 .

[68]  H. Becker,et al.  The Use of Vignettes in Survey Research , 1978 .

[69]  R. Laforge,et al.  Problems and Methods of Cross-Cultural Research , 1959 .

[70]  M. Nyaw,et al.  A comparative analysis of ethical beliefs: A four country study , 1994 .

[71]  Ajay Das,et al.  Methodological Issues in Empirical Cross-cultural Research: A Survey of the Management Literature , 1997 .

[72]  Kuo-shu Yang Social Orientation and Individual Modernity among Chinese Students in Taiwan , 1981 .