Heat transfer and entropy generation in a microchannel with longitudinal vortex generators using Nanofluids

Conjugated heat transfer and hydraulic performance for nanofluid flow in a rectangular microchannel heat sink with LVGs (longitudinal vortex generators) are numerically investigated using at different ranges of Reynolds numbers. Three-dimensional simulations are performed on a microchannel heated by a constant heat flux with a hydraulic diameter of 160 μm and six pairs of LVGs using a single-phase model. Coolants are selected to be nanofluids containing low volume-fractions (0.5%–3.0%) of Al2O3 or CuO nanoparticles with different particle sizes dispersed in pure water. The employed model is validated and compared by published experimental, and single-phase and two-phase numerical data for various geometries and nanoparticle sizes. The results demonstrate that heat transfer is enhanced by 2.29–30.63% and 9.44%–53.06% for water-Al2O3 and water-CuO nanofluids, respectively, in expense of increasing the pressure drop with respect to pure-water by 3.49%–16.85% and 6.5%–17.70%, respectively. We have also observed that the overall efficiency is improved by 2.55%–29.05% and 9.78%–50.64% for water-Al2O3 and water-CuO nanofluids, respectively. The results are also analyzed in terms of entropy generation, leading to the important conclusion that using nanofluids as the working fluid could reduce the irreversibility level in the rectangular microchannel heat sinks with LVGs. No exterma (minimums) is found for total entropy generation for the ranges of parameters studied.

[1]  W. Khan,et al.  On inherent irreversibility in Sakiadis flow of nanofluids , 2013 .

[2]  Rahman Saidur,et al.  Investigating the Heat Transfer Performance and Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids in a Circular Micro-channel , 2013 .

[3]  Patrick E. Phelan,et al.  Convective Heat Transfer for Water-Based Alumina Nanofluids in a Single 1.02-mm Tube , 2009 .

[4]  Yuwen Zhang,et al.  Analysis of performances of a manifold microchannel heat sink with nanofluids , 2015 .

[5]  Jie Li,et al.  Computational Analysis of Nanofluid Flow in Microchannels with Applications to Micro-heat Sinks and Bio-MEMS , 2008 .

[6]  J. Eastman,et al.  Enhanced thermal conductivity through the development of nanofluids , 1996 .

[7]  G. Morini.  Single-phase Convective Heat Transfer in Microchannels: a Review of Experimental Results , 2004 .

[8]  M. Saffar-Avval,et al.  Eulerian–Eulerian two-phase numerical simulation of nanofluid laminar forced convection in a microchannel , 2011 .

[9]  Young I Cho,et al.  HYDRODYNAMIC AND HEAT TRANSFER STUDY OF DISPERSED FLUIDS WITH SUBMICRON METALLIC OXIDE PARTICLES , 1998 .

[10]  J. Koo,et al.  A new thermal conductivity model for nanofluids , 2004 .

[11]  Somchai Wongwises,et al.  Enhancement of heat transfer using nanofluids—An overview , 2010 .

[12]  Rahman Saidur,et al.  Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids , 2012 .

[13]  M. Haghshenasfard,et al.  Investigation of nanofluids heat transfer in a ribbed microchannel heat sink using single-phase and multiphase CFD models , 2015 .

[14]  Oluwole Daniel Makinde,et al.  Effects of viscous dissipation and Newtonian heating on boundary-layer flow of nanofluids over a flat plate , 2013 .

[15]  Shiping Jin,et al.  A study on fluid flow and heat transfer in rectangular microchannels with various longitudinal vortex generators , 2014 .

[16]  Normah Mohd-Ghazali,et al.  Thermal and hydrodynamic analysis of microchannel heat sinks: A review , 2013 .

[17]  R. Velraj,et al.  Experimental investigation of the thermo-physical properties of water–ethylene glycol mixture based CNT nanofluids , 2012 .

[18]  Shiping Jin,et al.  Experimental investigations on liquid flow and heat transfer in rectangular microchannel with longitudinal vortex generators , 2011 .

[19]  Jae Won Lee,et al.  Enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids by nanoconvection and percolation network , 2015, Heat and Mass Transfer.

[20]  M. Mehrali,et al.  An experimental and numerical investigation of heat transfer enhancement for graphene nanoplatelets nanofluids in turbulent flow conditions , 2015 .

[21]  Guodong Xia,et al.  Heat transfer in the microchannels with fan-shaped reentrant cavities and different ribs based on field synergy principle and entropy generation analysis , 2014 .

[22]  Hamid Reza Seyf,et al.  Computational analysis of nanofluid effects on convective heat transfer enhancement of micro-pin-fin heat sinks , 2012 .

[23]  P. Ghosh,et al.  A review on hybrid nanofluids: Recent research, development and applications , 2015 .

[24]  Wen-Quan Tao,et al.  Numerical study of fluid flow and heat transfer in a flat-plate channel with longitudinal vortex generators by applying field synergy principle analysis , 2009 .

[25]  Rosli Abu Bakar,et al.  A review of forced convection heat transfer enhancement and hydrodynamic characteristics of a nanofluid , 2014 .

[26]  I. Mudawar,et al.  Assessment of the effectiveness of nanofluids for single-phase and two-phase heat transfer in micro-channels , 2007 .

[27]  R. Prasher,et al.  Effect of aggregation kinetics on the thermal conductivity of nanoscale colloidal solutions (nanofluid). , 2006, Nano letters.

[28]  Nicolas Galanis,et al.  Experimental investigation of CuO–water nanofluid flow and heat transfer inside a microchannel heat sink , 2014 .

[29]  O. K. Crosser,et al.  Thermal Conductivity of Heterogeneous Two-Component Systems , 1962 .

[30]  E. Roohi,et al.  Numerical study of flow patterns and heat transfer in mini twisted oval tubes , 2015, International Journal of Modern Physics C.

[31]  Arthur E. Bergles,et al.  Recent developments in enhanced heat transfer , 2011 .

[32]  S. Wongwises,et al.  Unconfined laminar nanofluid flow and heat transfer around a square cylinder , 2012 .

[33]  Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi.  KKL correlation for simulation of nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a permeable channel , 2014 .

[34]  Mohd Zamri Yusoff,et al.  An overview on heat transfer augmentation using vortex generators and nanofluids: Approaches and applications , 2012 .

[35]  S. Kheradmand,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Performance Augmentation in a Plate Fin Heat Exchanger Using Winglet Type Vortex Generators , 2012 .

[36]  Di Zhang,et al.  Heat transfer and flow analysis of Al2O3–water nanofluids in microchannel with dimple and protrusion , 2014 .

[37]  Manu Mital,et al.  Analytical analysis of heat transfer and pumping power of laminar nanofluid developing flow in microchannels , 2013 .

[38]  G. Peterson,et al.  Experimental investigation of temperature and volume fraction variations on the effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle suspensions (nanofluids) , 2006 .

[39]  Mehdi Ashjaee,et al.  The comparative study of single and two-phase models for magnetite nanofluid forced convection in a tube☆ , 2015 .

[40]  Y. Kang,et al.  Review on combined heat and mass transfer characteristics in nanofluids , 2015 .

[41]  Y. Kang,et al.  Aggregation based model for heat conduction mechanism in nanofluids , 2014 .

[42]  T. R. Johnson,et al.  The Influence of Vortex Generators on the Drag and Heat Transfer From a Circular Cylinder Normal to an Airstream , 1969 .

[43]  W. Roetzel,et al.  Conceptions for heat transfer correlation of nanofluids , 2000 .

[44]  M. Fiebig.  Embedded vortices in internal flow: heat transfer and pressure loss enhancement , 1995 .

[45]  K. Venkatasubbaiah,et al.  Conjugate heat transfer analysis of micro-channel using novel hybrid nanofluids (Al2O3+Ag/Water) , 2015 .

[46]  Y. Nkansah-Gyekye,et al.  Unsteady flow of variable viscosity Cu-water and Al2O3-water nanofluids in a porous pipe with buoyancy force , 2015 .

[47]  A. Sohankar,et al.  Heat transfer augmentation in a rectangular channel with a vee-shaped vortex generator , 2007 .

[48]  C. Kleinstreuer,et al.  Thermal performance of nanofluid flow in microchannels , 2008 .

[49]  H. Kulah,et al.  Heat transfer and pressure drop experiments on CMOS compatible microchannel heat sinks for monolithic chip cooling applications , 2012 .

[50]  J. Thome,et al.  State of the Art of High Heat Flux Cooling Technologies , 2007 .

[51]  Satish G. Kandlikar,et al.  Evolution of Microchannel Flow Passages--Thermohydraulic Performance and Fabrication Technology , 2003 .

[52]  Xianfan Xu,et al.  Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle -Fluid Mixture , 1999 .

[53]  E. Roohi,et al.  Numerical study of liquid flow and heat transfer in rectangular microchannel with longitudinal vortex generators , 2015, 1811.02823.

[54]  Patrice Tochon,et al.  Intensification of heat-transfer and mixing in multifunctional heat exchangers by artificially generated streamwise vorticity , 2006 .

[55]  Amin Behzadmehr,et al.  Comparative assessment of single and two-phase models for numerical studies of nanofluid turbulent forced convection , 2012 .

[56]  Jahar Sarkar,et al.  A critical review on convective heat transfer correlations of nanofluids , 2011 .

[57]  M. Saffar-Avval,et al.  Experimental and numerical investigation of nanofluid forced convection inside a wide microchannel heat sink , 2012 .

[58]  Di Zhang,et al.  Flow and Heat Transfer in Microchannels With Dimples and Protrusions , 2012 .

[59]  H. Masuda,et al.  ALTERATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY OF LIQUID BY DISPERSING ULTRA-FINE PARTICLES. DISPERSION OF AL2O3, SIO2 AND TIO2 ULTRA-FINE PARTICLES , 1993 .

[60]  Gang Chen,et al.  Viscosity and thermal conductivity of stable graphite suspensions near percolation. , 2015, Nano letters.

[61]  T. K. Nandi,et al.  Numerical investigations of developing flow and heat transfer in raccoon type microchannels under inlet pulsation , 2014 .

[62]  R. Pease,et al.  High-performance heat sinking for VLSI , 1981, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[63]  G. A. Slack,et al.  Thermal Conductivity of Silicon and Germanium from 3°K to the Melting Point , 1964 .

[64]  Stephen U. S. Choi.  Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nano-particles , 1995 .

[65]  R. J. Hunter.  Foundations of Colloid Science , 1987 .

[66]  C. Kleinstreuer,et al.  Entropy Generation Analysis for Nanofluid Flow in Microchannels , 2010 .

[67]  Frank P. Incropera,et al.  Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 1981 .

[68]  K. Leong,et al.  Enhanced thermal conductivity of TiO2—water based nanofluids , 2005 .

[69]  D. Cahill,et al.  Nanofluids for thermal transport , 2005 .

[70]  R. Saidur,et al.  A comprehensive comparison of various CFD models for convective heat transfer of Al2O3 nanofluid inside a heated tube , 2016 .

[71]  Felix Hueber,et al.  Principles Of Enhanced Heat Transfer , 2016 .

[72]  W. Tao,et al.  A numerical study of laminar convective heat transfer in microchannel with non-circular cross-section. , 2006 .