The Spatial Optimization and Evaluation of the Economic, Ecological, and Social Value of Urban Green Space in Shenzhen

Urban green space (UGS) is important in urban systems, as it benefits economic development, ecological conservation, and living conditions. Many studies have evaluated the economic, ecological, and social value of UGS worldwide, and spatial optimization for UGS has been carried out to maximize its value. However, few studies have simultaneously examined these three values of UGS in one optimization system. To fill this gap, this study evaluated the economic value of UGS in terms of promoting housing prices, its ecological value through the relief of high land surface temperature (LST), and its social value through the provision of recreation spaces for residents within a 255 m distance. Subsequently, these three values were set as objectives in a genetic algorithm (GA)-based multi-objective optimization (MOP) system. Shenzhen was taken as the case study area. The results showed that the influencing distance of UGS in Shenzhen for house prices was 345 m, and the influencing distance of UGS for LST was 135 m. Using MOP, the Pareto solutions for increasing UGS were identified and presented. The results indicate that MOP can simultaneously optimize UGS’s economic, ecological, and social value.

[1]  J. Luttik.  The value of trees, water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands , 2000 .

[2]  P. Groenewegen,et al.  Morbidity is related to a green living environment , 2009, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.

[3]  Shixiao Yu,et al.  Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban forest conversion through model urbanization in Shenzhen, China , 2011 .

[4]  R. Guo,et al.  Indicators for quantitative evaluation of the social services function of urban greenbelt systems: A case study of shenzhen, China , 2017 .

[5]  K. Oleson,et al.  Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands , 2014, Nature.

[6]  A. Tanner,et al.  The association between recreational parks, facilities and childhood obesity: a cross-sectional study of the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health , 2013, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.

[7]  Wei Tu,et al.  Emerging social media data on measuring urban park use , 2018 .

[8]  Chen Wei,et al.  Studying the Association between Green Space Characteristics and Land Surface Temperature for Sustainable Urban Environments: An Analysis of Beijing and Islamabad , 2018, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[9]  Shixiao Yu,et al.  Biotic homogenization and differentiation of the flora in artificial and near-natural habitats across urban green spaces. , 2013 .

[10]  N. Nakagoshi,et al.  Using GIS and landscape metrics in the hedonic price modeling of the amenity value of urban green space: A case study in Jinan City, China , 2007 .

[11]  Jing Zhang,et al.  Assessing the Distribution of Urban Green Spaces and its Anisotropic Cooling Distance on Urban Heat Island Pattern in Baotou, China , 2016, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[12]  Q. Wang,et al.  Examining social inequalities in urban public leisure spaces provision using principal component analysis , 2017 .

[13]  Shaowen Wang,et al.  Sustainable land use optimization using Boundary-based Fast Genetic Algorithm , 2012, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[14]  Shixiao Yu,et al.  The influence of socioeconomic and topographic factors on nocturnal urban heat islands: a case study in Shenzhen, China , 2012 .

[15]  Zhixiang Zhou,et al.  Assessment and optimization of green space for urban transformation in resources-based city – A case study of Lengshuijiang city, China , 2017 .

[16]  F. Escobedo,et al.  Spatial heterogeneity and air pollution removal by an urban forest , 2009 .

[17]  C.Y. Jim,et al.  External effects of neighbourhood parks and landscape elements on high-rise residential value , 2010 .

[18]  Toke Emil Panduro,et al.  Classification and valuation of urban green spaces—A hedonic house price valuation , 2013 .

[19]  J. C. Stevens,et al.  Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States , 2006 .

[20]  R. Burnett,et al.  A cohort study relating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada. , 2012, Environmental research.

[21]  R. Loomes,et al.  Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems , 2000 .

[22]  Qingyun Du,et al.  Assessing Spatial Accessibility to Hierarchical Urban Parks by Multi-Types of Travel Distance in Shenzhen, China , 2019, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[23]  Li Dong,et al.  The influence of the spatial characteristics of urban green space on the urban heat island effect in Suzhou Industrial Park , 2018, Sustainable Cities and Society.

[24]  K. Cao,et al.  Pareto law-based regional inequality analysis of PM2.5 air pollution and economic development in China. , 2019, Journal of environmental management.

[25]  Cao Chunxiang,et al.  A study on land use and land cover change during urbanization in Shenzhen using data from Chinese satellites , 2011 .

[26]  Donald G. Hodges,et al.  A hedonic analysis of the demand for and benefits of urban recreation parks , 2009 .

[27]  J. Morgan Grove,et al.  Predicting Opportunities for Greening and Patterns of Vegetation on Private Urban Lands , 2007, Environmental management.

[28]  Bin Chen,et al.  Dynamic assessments of population exposure to urban greenspace using multi-source big data. , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[29]  David J. Nowak,et al.  A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone. , 2000 .

[30]  Alan T. Murray,et al.  Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix, Arizona , 2017 .

[31]  Vicente García-Santos,et al.  Comparison of Three Methods for Estimating Land Surface Temperature from Landsat 8-TIRS Sensor Data , 2018, Remote. Sens..

[32]  Wendy Y. Chen.  Environmental externalities of urban river pollution and restoration: A hedonic analysis in Guangzhou (China) , 2017 .

[33]  P. Groenewegen,et al.  Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health. , 2010, Social science & medicine.

[34]  Noelwah R. Netusil,et al.  The impact of open spaces on property values in Portland, Oregon , 2000 .

[35]  A. Witte,et al.  An Estimate of a Structural Hedonic Price Model of the Housing Market: An Application of Rosen's Theory of Implicit Markets , 1979 .

[36]  A. B. Morancho.  A hedonic valuation of urban green areas , 2003 .

[37]  Heyuan You.  Characterizing the inequalities in urban public green space provision in Shenzhen, China , 2016 .

[38]  Kaisa Miettinen,et al.  Nonlinear multiobjective optimization , 1998, International series in operations research and management science.

[39]  D. Nowak,et al.  Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[40]  Yixin Zhang,et al.  Spatial Variation of Urban Thermal Environment and Its Relation to Green Space Patterns: Implication to Sustainable Landscape Planning , 2018, Sustainability.

[41]  S. Sheppard,et al.  Who has access to urban vegetation? A spatial analysis of distributional green equity in 10 US cities , 2019, Landscape and Urban Planning.

[42]  Wei Li,et al.  A comparison of the economic benefits of urban green spaces estimated with NDVI and with high-resolution land cover data , 2015 .

[43]  Guo Yu Qiu,et al.  Experimental studies on the effects of green space and evapotranspiration on urban heat island in a subtropical megacity in China , 2016 .

[44]  K. Seto,et al.  Environmental impacts of urban growth from an integrated dynamic perspective: A case study of Shenzhen, South China , 2008 .

[45]  Wenting Zhang,et al.  Soil erosion evaluation in a rapidly urbanizing city (Shenzhen, China) and implementation of spatial land-use optimization , 2015, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[46]  Richard Balling,et al.  The Maximin Fitness Function; Multi-objective City and Regional Planning , 2003, EMO.

[47]  J. Wolch,et al.  Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’ , 2014 .

[48]  Yang Yu,et al.  Multifactor-based environmental risk assessment for sustainable land-use planning in Shenzhen, China. , 2019, The Science of the total environment.

[49]  R. S. Laundy,et al.  Multiple Criteria Optimisation: Theory, Computation and Application , 1989 .

[50]  Muge Unal,et al.  Evaluating and Optimizing Urban Green Spaces for Compact Urban Areas: Cukurova District in Adana, Turkey , 2018, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[51]  Wei Li,et al.  Estimating the value of urban green areas: A hedonic pricing analysis of the single family housing market in Los Angeles, CA , 2012 .

[52]  Shiliang Su,et al.  Social inequalities of park accessibility in Shenzhen, China: The role of park quality, transport modes, and hierarchical socioeconomic characteristics , 2017 .

[53]  Michael Batty,et al.  Spatial multi-objective land use optimization: extensions to the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II , 2011, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[54]  Bomi Kim,et al.  Multi-objective planning model for urban greening based on optimization algorithms , 2019, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.