Approaches in addressing system of systems

The concept of waste through lack of coordination of independent organisations into a larger system is examined and an estimate of losses reported. An approach for single organisational structural analysis is extended to multi-organisational analysis to provide examples of benefits. However it is recognised that system of systems fall into two types: those which require only traditional integration tools and others which require systems thinking tools such as Checkland's Soft System Methodology and SAST. Techniques to use SSM are explored.