BRADYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR PAUSES, SYNCOPE, AND SPORTS

16 athletic patients were examined because of syncope, Stokes-Adams attacks, or both. The life-threatening condition required pacemaker implantation in 7 patients. 8 of the 9 other subjects became symptom-free after stopping heavy physical training. 37 top-ranking athletes underwent 24 h Holter monitoring. Pauses longer than 2 s occurred in 19% and resulted from sinus arrest. The longest pause lasted 2.5 s. Second-degree atrioventricular block was noted in 13%.

[1]  D. Ballantyne,et al.  Sudden Death and Sport , 1984, The Lancet.

[2]  W. Sledge,et al.  Antecedent Psychological Factors in the Onset of Vasovagal Syncope , 1978, Psychosomatic medicine.

[3]  P. Bjerregaard.  Mean 24 hour heart rate, minimal heart rate and pauses in healthy subjects 40-79 years of age. , 1983, European heart journal.

[4]  J. Stephenson,et al.  Atropine treatment of reflex anoxic seizures. , 1984, Archives of disease in childhood.

[5]  J. Stephenson.  REFLEX ANOXIC SEIZURES AND OCULAR COMPRESSION , 1980, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[6]  H. Hertzeanu,et al.  Reflex cardiac arrest presenting as epilepsy , 1981, Annals of neurology.

[7]  E. Kaplinsky,et al.  Wenckebach A-V block: a frequent feature following heavy physical training. , 1975, American heart journal.

[8]  M. Viitasalo,et al.  Ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in endurance athletes. , 1982, British heart journal.

[9]  R. Tizes.  Cardiac arrest following routine venipuncture. , 1976, JAMA.

[10]  V. Rasmussen,et al.  Cerebral attacks due to excessive vagal tone in heavily trained persons. A clinical and electrophysiologic study. , 2009, Acta medica Scandinavica.

[11]  P. Schnohr.  Longevity and causes of death in male athletic champions. , 1971, Lancet.

[12]  J. Evans,et al.  Second-degree heart block and Wenckebach phenomenon associated with anxiety. , 1952, American heart journal.

[13]  T. Akabane,et al.  Vasovagal Reactions in Blood Donors , 1980, Transfusion.

[14]  N. El-Sherif,et al.  Differential effects of functional autonomic blockade on the variables of sinus nodal automaticity in sick sinus syndrome. , 1982, The American journal of cardiology.

[15]  Z. Schlesinger.  Letter: Life-threatening "vagal reaction" to physical fitness test. , 1973, JAMA.

[16]  H. Ector,et al.  Dynamic Electrocardiography and Ventricular Pauses of 3 Seconds and More: Etiology and Therapeutic Implications , 1983, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[17]  D. Sapire,et al.  Vasovagal syncope in children requiring pacemaker implantation. , 1983, American heart journal.

[18]  J. Kellermann,et al.  Long-term Holter ECG monitoring of athletes. , 1981, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.

[19]  J. Stephenson.  Reflex anoxic seizures ('white breath-holding'): nonepileptic vagal attacks. , 1978, Archives of disease in childhood.

[20]  S. Ashwal,et al.  Venipuncture fits: a form of reflex anoxic seizure. , 1983, Pediatrics.

[21]  J. Staessen,et al.  Cardiac structure and function in cyclists and runners. Comparative echocardiographic study. , 1984, British heart journal.

[22]  J. Fisher,et al.  Wenckebach atrioventricular block (Mobitz type I) in children and adolescents. , 1977, The American journal of cardiology.

[23]  C. Lombroso,et al.  Breathholding spells (cyanotic and pallid infantile syncope). , 1967, Pediatrics.

[24]  M. Brodsky,et al.  Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease. , 1977 .

[25]  Z. Schlesinger.  Life-Threatening Vagal Reaction to Physical Fitness Test , 1973 .

[26]  C. Kanakis,et al.  Twenty-four hour continuous ECG recordings in long-distance runners. , 1982, Chest.