Performance analysis of hop-limited epidemic routing in DTN with limited forwarding times

Because of the uncertainty of transmission opportunity in delay tolerant networks DTN, routing algorithms in DTN often need nodes to serve as relays for others to carry and forward messages. One classic policy is the Epidemic routing ER algorithm. To reduce the overhead, the hop-limited ER protocol is proposed. This method can get better performance through controlling the message hop count. However, because of the energy constraint or other factors, each node may forward only limited times, that is, both the message hop count and the forwarding times may be limited. This paper proposes a unifying framework to evaluate the performance of ER with the aforementioned constraints. Simulations based on both synthetic and real motion traces show the accuracy of the framework. In addition, we explore the impact of many parameters e.g., message hop count through extensive numerical results. For example, numerical results show that both the message hop count and the forwarding times can have certain impact on the routing performance, but their impact is related with many other factors e.g., the number of nodes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  Vito Latora,et al.  Impact of altruism on opportunistic communications , 2009, 2009 First International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks.

[2]  K. Psounis,et al.  Efficient Routing in Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks: The Single-Copy Case , 2008, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[3]  Jean-Yves Le Boudec,et al.  Power Law and Exponential Decay of Intercontact Times between Mobile Devices , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[4]  Alexandre Proutière,et al.  Hop limited flooding over dynamic networks , 2011, 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[5]  Minglu Li,et al.  Recognizing Exponential Inter-Contact Time in VANETs , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[6]  Donald F. Towsley,et al.  Performance Modeling of Epidemic Routing , 2006, Networking.

[7]  Do Young Eun,et al.  Crossing over the bounded domain: from exponential to power-law intermeeting time in mobile ad hoc networks , 2009, TNET.

[8]  Jeremie Leguay,et al.  Using UHF connectivity to off-load VHF messaging in tactical MANETs , 2011, 2011 - MILCOM 2011 Military Communications Conference.

[9]  Jie Wu,et al.  An optimal probabilistic forwarding protocolin delay tolerant networks , 2009, MobiHoc '09.

[10]  Pan Hui,et al.  Evaluating the Impact of Social Selfishness on the Epidemic Routing in Delay Tolerant Networks , 2010, IEEE Communications Letters.

[11]  Bernard Mans,et al.  Information propagation speed in mobile and delay tolerant networks , 2010, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[12]  Ioannis Psaras,et al.  Deep-Space Transport Protocol: A novel transport scheme for Space DTNs , 2009, Comput. Commun..

[13]  Zheng Guo,et al.  Prediction Assisted Single-Copy Routing in Underwater Delay Tolerant Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010.

[14]  Jörg Ott,et al.  The ONE simulator for DTN protocol evaluation , 2009, SIMUTools 2009.

[15]  Richard E. Hansen,et al.  Prioritized epidemic routing for opportunistic networks , 2007, MobiOpp '07.

[16]  Qinghua Li,et al.  Multicasting in delay tolerant networks: a social network perspective , 2009, MobiHoc '09.

[17]  Wing Cheong Lau,et al.  Performance Modeling of Epidemic Routing with Heterogeneous Node Types , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[18]  Kevin R. Fall,et al.  A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets , 2003, SIGCOMM '03.

[19]  Christian Wagner,et al.  The Spatial Node Distribution of the Random Waypoint Mobility Model , 2002, WMAN.

[20]  Ger Koole,et al.  The message delay in mobile ad hoc networks , 2005, Perform. Evaluation.

[21]  Eitan Altman,et al.  Optimal control of epidemic evolution , 2011, 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[22]  Eitan Altman,et al.  Performance of Ad Hoc Networks with Two-Hop Relay Routing and Limited Packet Lifetime , 2006, IWQoS.

[23]  Eitan Altman,et al.  Optimal monotone forwarding policies in delay tolerant mobile ad-hoc networks , 2008, Valuetools 2008.

[24]  Lieguang Zeng,et al.  The Impact of Node Selfishness on Multicasting in Delay Tolerant Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[25]  Eitan Altman,et al.  Decentralized Stochastic Control of Delay Tolerant Networks , 2009, IEEE INFOCOM 2009.

[26]  Bernard Mans,et al.  Information propagation speed in bidirectional vehicular delay tolerant networks , 2011, 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[27]  Paolo Santi,et al.  A Framework for Routing Performance Analysis in Delay Tolerant Networks with Application to Noncooperative Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[28]  Amin Vahdat,et al.  Epidemic Routing for Partially-Connected Ad Hoc Networks , 2009 .

[29]  Claudio E. Palazzi,et al.  Social‐aware delay tolerant networking for mobile‐to‐mobile file sharing , 2012, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[30]  Pan Hui,et al.  BUBBLE Rap: Social-Based Forwarding in Delay-Tolerant Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[31]  Rajesh Sundaresan,et al.  Delay and energy optimal two-hop relaying in delay tolerant networks , 2010, 8th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks.

[32]  Qinghua Li,et al.  Routing in Socially Selfish Delay Tolerant Networks , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.