Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Iranian Population Following Disasters and Wars: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Context: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic psychiatric disorder that occurs as a result of an accident or life-threatening event. The purpose of our study was to examine the prevalence of PTSD in the Iranian population from 2000 to 2015 through a meta-analysis of the published studies to review the epidemiologic evidence of PTSD after disasters and wars and to examine PTSD determinants. Evidence Acquisition: The electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Magiran, etc. were explored to find related papers. Two authors independently reviewed and extracted data via an extraction sheet, and disagreements were resolved by holding a meeting with a third author. Meta-analysis was performed using “metaprop” command in STATA 11 software. Studies with < 25 participants were excluded from our analysis. Results: Ultimately,47studieswereincludedinthismeta-analysis. PrimaryPTSDwasinvestigatedin44studiesandsecondaryPTSD in six studies. Forty studies investigated natural PTSD and five studies technical PTSD. PTSD related to childbirth, job, earthquake, war, burn, accident, and rape events were investigated in seven, six, nine, nine, two, two, and two studies, respectively, and their pooled prevalence were 25%, 30%, 58%, 47%, 40%, 11%, and 74%, respectively. Conclusion: Theresultsrevealedthattheburdenof PTSDamongtheIranianpopulationexposedtowarsanddisastersishigh. PTSD was correlated with a range of factors including demographic and background factors and characteristics of the event exposure.

[1]  B. Hatef,et al.  Deep brain stimulation in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder modifies forebrain neuronal activity and serum corticosterone , 2018, Iranian journal of basic medical sciences.

[2]  H. Sahraei,et al.  The Psychoactive Agent Crocin Can Regulate Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity , 2017, Front. Neurosci..

[3]  W. Dai,et al.  The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors after earthquakes:a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2016, BMC Psychiatry.

[4]  H. Sahraei,et al.  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Mechanisms and Possible Treatments , 2015, Neurophysiology.

[5]  Mehdi Masoumi,et al.  Mental health disorders in child and adolescent survivors of post-war landmine explosions , 2015, Military Medical Research.

[6]  Z. Sadat,et al.  Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Factors Among Patients Discharged From Critical Care Units in Kashan, Iran , 2015, Archives of trauma research.

[7]  Jafari Asieh,et al.  The Study of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Complaining of Rape Referred to Legal Medicine Center in Tehran in 2013 , 2015 .

[8]  Akbar Sheikh Rabari,et al.  The relationship between personality traits and post-traumatic stress disorder among EMS personnel and hospital emergency staffs , 2015 .

[9]  M. Dolatian,et al.  Compare of post traumatic stress disorder between parents of term and pre term infants , 2015 .

[10]  S. Basharpoor,et al.  The role of attachment styles in the prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder in emergency nurses , 2015 .

[11]  حبیبالله اسماعیلی,et al.  بررسی شیوع اختلال استرس پس از ضربه زایمان به دنبال پره اکلامپسی و عوامل مرتبط با آن , 2013 .

[12]  Mohsen Aminizadeh,et al.  Post-traumatic stress disorder prevalence in employees of emergency departments of teaching hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran , 2013 .

[13]  H. Abbasian,et al.  Post-traumatic stress disorder: a neglected health concern among commercial motor vehicle drivers. , 2013, The international journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[14]  N. Mokhber,et al.  Comparing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in primiparous and multiparous women with preeclampsia , 2013 .

[15]  K. Shaar.  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescents in Lebanon as Wars Gained in Ferocity: A Systematic Review , 2013, Journal of public health research.

[16]  M. Dolatian,et al.  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Following Childbirth: Prevalence and Contributing Factors , 2013, Iranian Red Crescent medical journal.

[17]  M. Hamzenejad,et al.  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Related Factors in Parents of Children With Cancer in South-East of Iran , 2012, Iranian Red Crescent medical journal.

[18]  K. Ali,et al.  The Prevalence Rate of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the Rape Victims of Kohgiloyeh and Boyairahmad Province during (2011-2012) , 2012 .

[19]  A. Kazemnejad,et al.  Prevalance of post traumatic stress disorder after childbirth and its precipitating factors , 2012 .

[20]  K. Ressler,et al.  EARLY INTERVENTIONS FOR PTSD: A REVIEW , 2012, Depression and anxiety.

[21]  Ivan Figueira,et al.  Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers , 2012, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[22]  Ali Tavakoli Kashani,et al.  Analysis of factors associated with traffic injury severity on rural roads in Iran , 2012, Journal of injury & violence research.

[23]  J. Os,et al.  The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010 , 2011, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[24]  H. Sadeghi-Bazargani,et al.  Stress disorder and PTSD after burn injuries: a prospective study of predictors of PTSD at Sina Burn Center, Iran , 2011, Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.

[25]  Christopher V. Maani,et al.  The Relationship of Early Pain Scores and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Burned Soldiers , 2011, Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association.

[26]  B. Doulatshahi,et al.  POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER SYMPTOMS AND THEIR COMORBIDITY WITH OTHER DISORDERS IN ELEVEN TO SIXTEEN YEARS OLD ADOLESCENTS IN THE CITY OF BAM , 2010 .

[27]  Jenna L. McCauley,et al.  The role of rape tactics in risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression: results from a national sample of college women , 2010, Depression and anxiety.

[28]  M. Narimani,et al.  Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in hospital emergency nurses and fire department workers in uremia city , 2010 .

[29]  R. Acierno,et al.  Prevalence Estimates of Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Critical Review , 2010, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[30]  Stefan Priebe,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder six months after an earthquake , 2009, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[31]  Nouzar Nakhaee,et al.  Prevalence and Correlates of PTSD among High School Students After the Earthquake Disaster in the City of Bam, Iran , 2009 .

[32]  O. Bunketorp,et al.  Children and adolescents injured in traffic – associated psychological consequences: a literature review , 2009, Acta paediatrica.

[33]  Suzanne R. Best,et al.  Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. , 2008, Psychological bulletin.

[34]  Ivan Figueira,et al.  Partial and full PTSD in Brazilian ambulance workers: prevalence and impact on health and on quality of life. , 2007, Journal of traumatic stress.

[35]  M. Mohammadi,et al.  Short communication PTSD symptoms of survivors of an airline event in Teheran , 2007 .

[36]  G. A. Jacobs,et al.  Psychological distress among American Red Cross disaster workers responding to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 , 2007, Psychiatry Research.

[37]  S. Southwick,et al.  Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress in Iranian survivors of chemical warfare. , 2006, JAMA.

[38]  R. Kessler,et al.  The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. , 2006, Archives of general psychiatry.

[39]  A. Adewuya,et al.  Post‐traumatic stress disorder after childbirth in Nigerian women: prevalence and risk factors , 2006, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[40]  S. Tsay,et al.  Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and quality of life in patients with traffic-related injuries. , 2005, Journal of advanced nursing.

[41]  S. Galea,et al.  The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. , 2005, Epidemiologic reviews.

[42]  Robert J Ursano,et al.  Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. , 2004, The American journal of psychiatry.

[43]  P. Schnurr,et al.  Risk Factors for the Development Versus Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , 2004, Journal of traumatic stress.

[44]  C. Maas,et al.  Predictors of Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following Burn Injury: Results of a Longitudinal Study , 2003, Journal of traumatic stress.

[45]  Elizabeth M. Smith,et al.  Coping, Functioning, and Adjustment of Rescue Workers After the Oklahoma City Bombing , 2002, Journal of traumatic stress.

[46]  A. Pickering,et al.  Do women get posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of childbirth? A prospective study of incidence. , 2001, Birth.

[47]  R. Kessler,et al.  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Epidemiology, Comorbidity and Social Consequences, Biology and Treatment , 2001, Neuropsychobiology.

[48]  C. Brewin,et al.  Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[49]  R. Kessler,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. , 2000, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[50]  D Bolton,et al.  The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: I: The incidence and course of PTSD. , 2000, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[51]  D. Grayson,et al.  The Australian Vietnam Veterans Health Study: II. self-reported health of veterans compared with the Australian population. , 1996, International journal of epidemiology.

[52]  D. Grayson,et al.  The Australian Vietnam Veterans Health Study: III. psychological health of Australian Vietnam veterans and its relationship to combat. , 1996, International journal of epidemiology.

[53]  S. Duffy,et al.  Breast cancer in Singapore: trends in incidence 1968-1992. , 1996, International journal of epidemiology.

[54]  R. Kessler,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. , 1995, Archives of general psychiatry.

[55]  C. Cooper,et al.  Occupational stress in the ambulance service: a diagnostic study. , 1995, Health manpower management.

[56]  I. Brockington,et al.  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after Childbirth , 1995, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[57]  A. Leonard,et al.  Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and diagnostic comorbidity in a disaster sample. , 1992, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[58]  A. Shamsi,et al.  The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among women with normal vaginal delivery in Zahedan city , 2015 .

[59]  T. Khaleghdoost,et al.  RELATED FACTORS TO ONSET OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AFTER ROAD ACCIDENTS , 2014 .

[60]  S. Amin,et al.  POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN MALE CHEMICAL INJURED WAR VETERANS COMPARED TO NON-CHEMICAL WAR VETERANS , 2014 .

[61]  M. Rafieian-kopaei,et al.  The study of intensity and frequency of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from war in Ilam city , 2013 .

[62]  I. Levav,et al.  Suicidal behavior among Muslim Arabs in Israel , 2010, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[63]  A. Gloster,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnostic and epidemiological perspectives. , 2009, CNS spectrums.

[64]  N. Mofidi.  Studies on mental health in Kurdistan - Iran , 2009 .

[65]  S. Nazemi,et al.  THE INVESTIGATION OF POST–TRAUMATIC SYNDROME DISEASE SYMPTOMS AMONG CHILDREN LESS THAN 6 YEARS, 3 MONTHS AFTER BOMBING IN AHVAZ , 2009 .

[66]  J. Shakeri,et al.  Characteristics of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Witnesses to Victims of Self-Immolation , 2008 .

[67]  Goudarzi,et al.  FORGIVENESS AND MARITAL SATISFACTION IN COMBAT VETERANS WITH POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND THEIR WIVES , 2008 .

[68]  A. Parvizi,et al.  Characteristics of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Witnesses to Victims of Self-Immolation , 2008 .

[69]  V. Donyavi,et al.  THE PREVALENCE OF PTSD IN CONSCRIPT AND OFFICIAL STAFF OF EARTH FORCE IN TEHRAN DURING 2005-6 , 2007 .

[70]  J. Ameli,et al.  PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELS OF BARN EARTHQUAKE , 2007 .

[71]  M. Yassini,et al.  POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS SYMPTOMS AFTER BAM EARTHQUAKE , 2006 .

[72]  M. Goodarzi,et al.  Post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of Bam earthquake 40 days after the event. , 2006, Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit.

[73]  Z. Andi,et al.  The Comparison of the Rate of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Minor and Moderate Patients with Burn , 2006 .

[74]  Rahimi Movaghar Afarin,et al.  THE PREVALENCE OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND ITS SYMPTOMS AMONG BAN EARTHQUAKE SURVIVORS , 2006 .

[75]  M. Mohammadi,et al.  THE EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEBRIEFING AND BEHAVIORAL GROUP INTERVENTIONS ON SYMPTOMS OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN SURVIVORS OF BAM EARTHQUAKE , 2005 .

[76]  A. Karimzadeh,et al.  PREVALENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN YOUTH AFTER NATURAL DISASTERS , 2004 .

[77]  A. Rohde,et al.  Psychische Auswirkungen traumatisch erlebter Entbindungen , 2001 .

[78]  A. Pantlen,et al.  [Psychologic effects of traumatic live deliveries]. , 2001, Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie.

[79]  D. Weiss,et al.  Stress responses of emergency services personnel to the Loma Prieta earthquake Interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents. , 1996, Journal of traumatic stress.