Model calibration and current usage in practice

The theoretical standards for hydraulic model calibration have been examined in numerous studies. However, the reality of modelling for real distribution system operators is that an ideal calibration often cannot be achieved due to lack of resources, data scarcity and time constraints. This paper will discuss the typical model calibrations that are currently carried out in the USA, including the types of data that are most commonly used, the techniques for calibration and the ability to achieve a calibration of sufficient accuracy to address the modelling goals. The trade-offs between level of model accuracy and real-world constraints will be presented for different categories of modelling ranging from transmission master planning to residual disinfectant predictions.