Motivational significance and cognitive effort elicit different late positive potentials

OBJECTIVE The interaction between affective and cognitive processes has been examined using the late positive potential (LPP) component of the event-related brain potential. The LPP is elicited not only by affective stimuli but also by nonaffective stimuli that require effortful cognitive processing. However, it is unclear whether these LPPs are equivalent. The present study decomposed the LPP into subcomponents that responded differently to affective content and cognitive demands. METHODS The participants (N=21) performed four types of revised oddball tasks, in which one affective and five nonaffective pictures were presented. For one of the nonaffective pictures, different cognitive demands were loaded: viewing the display, updating a count, updating two different items, or concealing knowledge of the picture. RESULTS A temporal-spatial principal component analysis revealed two major subcomponents of the LPP. The central-parietal subcomponent was elicited by affective stimuli, whereas the occipital subcomponent was elicited by nonaffective stimuli with cognitive demands in the two-item updating and concealment conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the central-parietal dominant LPP may reflect motivated attentional processing, whereas the occipital dominant LPP may reflect effortful controlled processing. SIGNIFICANCE Dealing with these two LPP subcomponents separately may be useful for examining the interaction between affective and cognitive processing of stimuli.

[1]  M. Bradley,et al.  Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report , 2000, Biological Psychology.

[2]  J. Polich.  Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b , 2007, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[3]  P. Lang.  International affective picture system (IAPS) : affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual , 2005 .

[4]  Hiroshi Nittono,et al.  Event-related brain potentials during the standard autonomic-based concealed information test. , 2009, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[5]  Antti Korvenoja,et al.  Cortical generators of slow evoked responses elicited by spatial and nonspatial auditory working memory tasks , 2005, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[6]  J. Allen,et al.  The identification of concealed memories using the event-related potential and implicit behavioral measures: a methodology for prediction in the face of individual differences. , 1992, Psychophysiology.

[7]  S Sutton,et al.  P300 and slow wave in a message consisting of two events. , 1982, Psychophysiology.

[8]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: I , 1977 .

[9]  M. Bradley.  Natural selective attention: orienting and emotion. , 2009, Psychophysiology.

[10]  Greg Hajcak,et al.  See no evil: directing visual attention within unpleasant images modulates the electrocortical response. , 2009, Psychophysiology.

[11]  J. Duncan.  The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour , 2010, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[12]  Tobias Egner,et al.  Interactions between Attention and Emotion , 2015 .

[13]  G. Hajcak,et al.  Differentiating neural responses to emotional pictures: evidence from temporal-spatial PCA. , 2009, Psychophysiology.

[14]  S H Curry,et al.  Brain event-related potentials as indicators of early selective processes in auditory target localization. , 1983, Psychophysiology.

[15]  Thomas Elbert,et al.  Threshold regulation - a key to the understanding of the combined dynamics of EEG and event-related potentials , 1987 .

[16]  Randy L. Buckner,et al.  Functional–Anatomic Correlates of Sustained and Transient Processing Components Engaged during Controlled Retrieval , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[17]  G. Hajcak,et al.  Event-Related Potentials, Emotion, and Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review , 2010, Developmental neuropsychology.

[18]  Andreas Keil,et al.  Emotional perception: Correspondence of early and late event-related potentials with cortical and subcortical functional MRI , 2013, Biological Psychology.

[19]  Markus Junghöfer,et al.  The selective processing of emotional visual stimuli while detecting auditory targets: An ERP analysis , 2008, Brain Research.

[20]  M. Bradley,et al.  Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. , 1994, Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.

[21]  Jonas K. Olofsson,et al.  Affective picture processing: An integrative review of ERP findings , 2008, Biological Psychology.

[22]  M. Bradley,et al.  Affective picture processing: the late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance. , 2000, Psychophysiology.

[23]  Vera Ferrari,et al.  Repetitive picture processing: Autonomic and cortical correlates , 2006, Brain Research.

[24]  Brigitte Röder,et al.  Slow negative brain potentials as reflections of specific modular resources of cognition , 1997, Biological Psychology.

[25]  B. Rockstroh,et al.  Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior. , 1990, Physiological reviews.

[26]  Annmarie MacNamara,et al.  Working memory load reduces the late positive potential and this effect is attenuated with increasing anxiety , 2011, Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience.

[27]  Joseph Dien,et al.  Evaluation of PCA and ICA of simulated ERPs: Promax vs. infomax rotations , 2007, Human brain mapping.

[28]  Arnaud Delorme,et al.  EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis , 2004, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[29]  Michael D. Robinson,et al.  Handbook of cognition and emotion , 2013 .

[30]  J. Peter Rosenfeld,et al.  Memory Detection: P300 in detecting concealed information , 2011 .

[31]  H. Nittono,et al.  Identifying concealment-related responses in the concealed information test. , 2013, Psychophysiology.

[32]  M. Bradley,et al.  Emotional perception: correlation of functional MRI and event-related potentials. , 2006, Cerebral cortex.

[33]  Bruno Verschuere,et al.  Memory detection: theory and application of the concealed information test , 2011 .

[34]  Sander Nieuwenhuis,et al.  Functional significance of the emotion-related late positive potential , 2012, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[35]  Joseph Dien,et al.  The ERP PCA Toolkit: An open source program for advanced statistical analysis of event-related potential data , 2010, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[36]  Trevor J. Cox,et al.  Event-related potential study to aversive auditory stimuli , 2007, Neuroscience Letters.

[37]  R. C. Oldfield.  The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. , 1971, Neuropsychologia.

[38]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: 1. Detection, Search, and Attention. , 1977 .

[39]  Nonaffective motivation modulates the sustained LPP (1,000-2,000 ms). , 2013, Psychophysiology.

[40]  J. Shaffer.  Modified Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedures , 1986 .

[41]  L. Garcia-Larrea,et al.  P3, positive slow wave and working memory load: a study on the functional correlates of slow wave activity. , 1998, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[42]  M. Bradley,et al.  Large-scale neural correlates of affective picture processing. , 2002, Psychophysiology.

[43]  Vera Ferrari,et al.  Directed and Motivated Attention during Processing of Natural Scenes , 2008, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[44]  Dan Foti,et al.  Deconstructing Reappraisal: Descriptions Preceding Arousing Pictures Modulate the Subsequent Neural Response , 2008, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[45]  John Polich,et al.  Affective visual event-related potentials: Arousal, repetition, and time-on-task , 2007, Biological Psychology.

[46]  Eun Kyung Jung,et al.  Frontoparietal activity during deceptive responses in the P300-based guilty knowledge test: An sLORETA study , 2013, NeuroImage.

[47]  H. Nittono,et al.  Event-related potentials increase the discrimination performance of the autonomic-based concealed information test. , 2011, Psychophysiology.

[48]  M. Junghöfer,et al.  Attention and emotion: an ERP analysis of facilitated emotional stimulus processing , 2003, Neuroreport.

[49]  A. Keil,et al.  Neural Substrate of the Late Positive Potential in Emotional Processing , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[50]  M. Junghöfer,et al.  Emotion and attention: event-related brain potential studies. , 2006, Progress in brain research.

[51]  Hiroshi Nittono,et al.  The Current and Future Status of the Concealed Information Test for Field Use , 2012, Front. Psychology.

[52]  Anna Weinberg,et al.  Emotional targets: evaluative categorization as a function of context and content. , 2012, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[53]  Walter Schneider,et al.  The cognitive control network: Integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions , 2007, NeuroImage.